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Archaeological sites usually provide important information about the past distribution of the small vertebrate fauna, and by extension about past terrestrial environments and climate in which human activities took place. In this context, Belgium has an interesting location in North-western Europe between the well-studied zooarchaeological record of Germany and England. The Late Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 2) locality of Caverne Marie-Jeanne (southeast of Belgium, Ardennes region) yielded a large collection of disarticulated bone fragments and numerous plant, mollusk, and archaeological remains. They have been collected during the first field campaign in 1943 and stored in the Quaternary collections of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. A recent revision of the rich micromammal fauna (31 taxa of insectivores, bats, and rodents among 9897 identified specimens, corresponding to a minimum of 4980 individuals) revealed the presence of the steppe lemming and the European pine vole. We present here the revision of the herpetofauna based on the 1970 Jean-Claude Rage’s study and the revision of the “indeterminate” small vertebrate specimens. It is now by far the largest Late Pleistocene collection of the Belgian institute with more than 20,500 recognized bones of amphibians and reptiles and covering the last 60,000 years. The herpetofaunal list now comprises two urodeles (Lissotriton gr. L. vulgaris and Salamandra salamandra), four anurans (Bufo gr. B. bufo-spinosus, Epidalea calamita, Rana temporaria and Rana cf. R. arvalis), three lizards (Lacerta cf. L. agilis, Zootoca vivipara and Anguis gr. A. fragilis) and three snakes (Natrix gr. N. natrix-astreptophora, Coronella austriaca and Vipera berus). This study highlights the first fossil record in Belgium for L. gr. L. vulgaris, R. arvalis, Z. vivipara, N. gr. N. natrix-astretophora and C. austriaca. This assemblage suggests a patchy humid landscape under colder and dryer climatic conditions in comparison with present ones. The study also underlines the importance to carefully reexamine old collections. Grant Information: Grant 2017-SGR-859 (Gov. of Catalonia, AGAUR), CGL2016-80000-P (Spanish Min. of Econ. & Comp.), RYC-2016-19386 (Ramón y Cajal), Synthesys BE-TAF-4385, -5469, -5468, -5708.

X-ray computed tomography (CT-) scanning is revolutionizing the study of extinct organisms. Its non-invasive and non-destructive character makes it currently by far the most potent method to allow fossils to be studied in three dimensions and with unprecedented detail. More importantly, and differing from other 3D techniques, CT-scanning looks through and inside objects, revealing hidden structures and characters. Recent innovations in the field of CT-scanning allow obtaining details up to a few micrometers in resolution, and higher quality images of relatively dense materials, like fossils, even when wholly encased in hard sediment (Keklikoglou et al., 2019). In 2016, the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS) acquired two high-end X-ray CT machines: the micro-CT RX EasyTom and the nano-CT XRE-Tescan UniTom. Both scanners are currently nearly full time in use to help accomplishing the gigantic task of the digitization of the RBINS and Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) type collections, the aim of two multi-year Belspo funded projects, DiSSCo-Fed (2018-2023) and DIGIT-4 (2019-2024). With about 300.000 types and 48.000.000 general specimens, 46.000 and 3.000.000 respectively in their paleontology collections, the results of nearly two centuries of intensive collecting and research, these two Belgian Federal Scientific Institutions (FSI’s) are major players in the European framework of scientific research infrastructures for natural history. Digitizing this large number of types, spread across almost the entire Tree of Life, and exhibiting an entire array of differing taphonomies, results in a steadily growing expertise of the RBINS-RMCA micro-CT lab (Brecko et al., 2018). While the newly acquired infrastructure and ongoing digitization projects are primarily oriented towards the digitization of type and figured specimens, these also offer great opportunities for researchers and teachers in various disciplines of paleontology. Targeting on researchers interested in incorporating micro-CT as a technique in their research projects, the current digitization workflow of the RBINS-RMCA micro-CT lab will be presented. While micro-CT offers many advantages, there are also pitfalls and limitations that need to be considered. Based on our expertise, and illustrated by some of our scanning results, important constraints that may block the pathway between your expectations and perfect micro-CT-imaging results that can be fully incorporated into research projects will be presented. Possible effects of some of the most important parameters that may influence the quality of the output, and thus can increase the signal to noise ratio (SNR) will be reviewed, such as the size and shape of the specimen to be scanned, the density of its matrix the specimen is made of or encased in, the presence of certain minerals (e.g. pyrite) and how these may be distributed inside the specimen (e.g. finely disseminated, dense masses or crystals), the best possible resolution in relation to the specimen and preferred output, the time needed to scan a specimen, the choice between machines to be used and their limits and different possible scan settings (e.g. beam power, filters…). Post-processing parameters to be considered are the size of the image stack output (will the computer be able to handle the amount of Gigabytes?), the time needed to render and segment regions of interest and optimize 3D-models, and which format suits best to visualize and export the data (renderings, meshes, videos, virtual sections…). While segmentation may be a time-consuming task, new developments like the incorporation of artificial intelligence (e.g. the Deep Learning function in Dragonfly ORS) offer great potential to reduce the workload in complex segmentation. Many researchers are also teachers. The reason why they may also be particularly interested in the 3D models of the already digitized types that are available on the Virtual Collections platforms of the RBINS (http://virtualcollections.naturalsciences.be/) and RMCA (https://virtualcol.africamuseum.be/). While 3D models are not intended to replace physical specimens, they may become significant teaching aids in both the physical and virtual classroom. In addition, the presence of a steadily growing number of 3D-models and animations of extant animals that are also added to these Virtual Collections, would allow teachers to connect fossils (in general incomplete) with extant (more complete) relatives. Last but not least, while the focus of this communication is largely on micro-CT, some of the many other new techniques that are being tested, used and improved will be highlighted (see e.g. Brecko & Mathys, 2020; Brecko et al., 2014, 2016, 2018; Mathys et al., 2013, 2019 for some examples). Interested in our work, expertise, techniques, equipment, or scans-on-demand? Please do not hesitate to reach out! References Brecko, J., Lefevre, U., Locatelli, C., Van de Gehuchte, E., Van Noten, K., Mathys, A., De Ceukelaire, M., Dekoninck, W., Folie, A., Pauwels, O., Samyn, Y., Meirte, D., Vandenspiegel, D. & Semal, P. 2018. Rediscovering the museum’s treasures: μCT digitisation of the type collection. Poster presented at 6th annual Tomography for Scientific Advancement (ToScA) symposium, Warwick, England, 10-12 Sept 2018. Brecko, J. & Mathys, A., 2020. Handbook of best practice and standards for 2D+ and 3D imaging of natural history collections. European Journal of Taxonomy, 623, 1-115. Brecko, J., Mathys, A., Dekoninck, W., De Ceukelaire, M., VandenSpiegel, D. & Semal, P., 2016. Revealing Invisible Beauty, Ultra Detailed: The Influence of Low-Cost UV Exposure on Natural History Specimens in 2D+ Digitization. PLoS One 11(8):e0161572. Brecko, J., Mathys, A., Dekoninck, W., Leponce, M., Vanden Spiegel, D. & Semal, P., 2014. Focus stacking: Comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens. Zookeys, 464, 1-23. Keklikoglou, K., Faulwetter, S., Chatzinikolaou, E., Wils, P., Brecko, J., Kvaček, J., Metscher, B. & Arvanitidis, C. 2019. Micro-computed tomography for natural history specimens: a handbook of best practice protocols. European Journal of Taxonomy, 522, 1-55. Mathys, A., Semal, P., Brecko, J. & Van den Spiegel, D., 2019. Improving 3D photogrammetry models through spectral imaging: Tooth enamel as a case study. PLoS One, 14(8): e0220949. Mathys, A., Brecko, J., Di Modica, K., Abrams, G., Bonjean, D. & Semal, P., 2013. Agora 3D. Low cost 3D imaging: a first look for field archaeology. Notae Praehistoricae, 33/2013, 33-42.

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Nowadays we are faced with several challenges regarding mineral exploration and exploitation in Europe. The biggest accessible deposits have already been discovered and exploited, with some of those mines dating back of thousands of years. What remains now are the small and difficult to access deposits, leading to the needs of new and more sustainable mining methods. In the last years several projects like ROBOMINERS were started with the expectation to have relevant impact in social, technological, environmental and economical areas and aiming to help in (i) reducing EU dependency on import of raw materials, (ii) pushing the EU to the forefront in sustainable minerals surveying and exploration technologies and to (iii) improve resource efficiency and responsible sourcing. The main objective of the ROBOMINERS project is to develop a Bio-Inspired, Modular and Reconfigurable Robot Miner, equipped with selective mining perception and mining tools for small and difficult to access deposits. A consortium that includes geoscientists, roboticists and engineers is working to build a modular robot prototype (Technology Readiness Level 4 to 5), design a new mining system via simulation and modelling and to use the prototype to study and advance future research on different areas of robotics and raw materials alike (Lopez and al. 2020). ROBOMINERS will not reach its end-state by the end of the project. Therefore, it already prepares future development with visions for 2030 and 2050, coinciding with important EU targets (2030: reduce GHG emissions, more renewable energy; 2050: climate neutrality). These visions will impact the developments of robotics, selective mining and mining ecosystem. The considered methods and tools, although innovative at this point, will be continuously assessed, and compared to new technology developments in the relevant fields. The ROBOMINERS project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 820971. References. L. Lopes, B. Bodo, C. Rossi, S. Henley, G. Žibret, A. Kot-Niewiadomska, V. Correia, ROBOMINERS – Developing a bio-inspired modular robot-miner for difficult to access mineral deposits, Advances in Geosciences, Volume 54, 2020, 99–108

Depuis quelques années, les lézards de l’Eocène basal de Dormaal (niveau-repère MP7), Belgique sont en cours de révision. Après le varanidé Saniwa orsmaelensis (Augé et al., 2022), les geckos (Čerňanský et al., 2022) et les lézards Iguania (Čerňanský et al., 2023), le restant des Anguimorpha vient de faire l’objet d’une étude approfondie (Čerňanský et al., in press). Cette dernière met en évidence la présence d’au moins trois familles sur ce site : les Glyptosauridae, les Varanidae et les Palaeovaranidae. Les Glyptosauridae (contenant les glyptosaurinés et les mélanosaurinés) étaient identifiés dans la littérature au travers de ?Placosaurus ragei et d’un mélanosaure. Le matériel original de ?P. ragei est un dentaire isolé ainsi qu’un pariétal. Or, la taxonomie actuelle des espèces du genre Placosaurus est uniquement basée sur la morphologie du frontal. La mise en évidence d’un frontal de glyptosaure à Dormaal permet donc de discuter l’identification de ?P. ragei et d’attribuer ces éléments au genre Gaultia, un glyptosaure de l’Eocène inférieur du Wyoming, USA, représentant la première occurrence de ce genre en-dehors de l’Amérique du Nord. Une nouvelle combinaison, Gaultia ragei est donc proposée. La présence de mélanosaures (groupe paraphylétique) n’est pas formellement confirmée. Une vertèbre isolée pourrait appartenir à ce clade mais comme la morphologie des vertèbres de Gaultia est inconnue, des doutes subsistent. Nous décrivons également de nouveaux spécimens attribuables à Saniwa orsmaelensis ainsi qu’à un Palaeovaranidae. Ces taxons mettent à nouveau en évidence les migrations qui ont eu lieu durant le Maximum Thermique Paléocène-Eocène (PETM), climat le plus chaud des 66 derniers millions d'années. Ce travail fut possible grâce au financement SYNTHESYS BE-TAF-8234 de la Commission Européenne (A.Č.), à la bourse 1/0191/21 de l’Agence des Bourses Scientifiques du Ministère de l’Education de Slovaquie et de l’Académie des Sciences de Slovaquie (A.Č.) et

Les premiers vrais périssodactyles sont reconnus presque simultanément dès le tout début de l’Eocène en Europe de l'Ouest, en Asie et en Amérique du Nord, et semblent pourtant déjà appartenir à des familles distinctes (Smith et al. 2015 ; Bai et al. 2018). Cette apparente diversité pose donc question sur l’origine paléobiogéographique et phylogénétique de ces groupes, qui reste très débattue. En effet, le plus proche parent des périssodactyles reste encore incertain, bien que deux groupes-frères potentiels semblent aujourd’hui majoritairement acceptés : les périssodactyles pourraient soit être proches de certains Phenacodontidae nord-américains (Halliday et al. 2017), ou plutôt groupe-frère des Anthracobunia du sous-continent indien (Rose et al. 2019). Le projet PerissOrigin a pour but de mieux comprendre les premières dichotomies des périssodactyles anciens ainsi que leur origine paléobiogéographique. Grâce à l'une des plus complètes collections de moulages de périssodactyles anciens et à des spécimens inédits, une nouvelle matrice de caractères morphologiques a été compilée, comprenant actuellement une centaine de caractères cranio-dentaires pour 80 terminaux. Certains taxons européens ont pu être réévalués, et une nouvelle phylogénie des premiers périssodactyles sera présentée. Plusieurs méthodes et paramètres d'analyse phylogénétique (choix de l'extra-groupe, parcimonie ordonnée/non ordonnée, choix des caractères, polymorphisme, pondération...) seront comparés et leur impact sera discuté. Cette nouvelle phylogénie nous permet de définir quelques synapomorphies des grands groupes de périssodactyles et d'aborder une première discussion paléobiogéographique. Nous discuterons enfin des problèmes non résolus dans la phylogénie des périssodactyles. Le projet "PERISSORIGIN - Origin and early radiation of perissodactyls based on precious fossil collections" est financé par le programme de recherche BRAIN-be 2.0 de BELSPO.

Douze missions de terrain ont été menées par notre équipe belgo-américano-indienne dans l’ouest de l’Inde depuis la découverte, en novembre 2004, du premier assemblage faunique continental de l’Eocène inférieur (Yprésien) de la Formation de Cambay dans la mine de lignite de Vastan (Gujarat). Je présente ici les principales découvertes faites ces vingt dernières années dans les très riches mines de Vastan, Mangrol et Tadkeshwar, situées à la marge nord-ouest de la province principale des Trapps du Deccan (Smith, 2024). Une mise à jour de l’ensemble de la faune des vertébrés, incluant les plus anciens mammifères modernes du sous-continent indien, est présentée, mettant en évidence ses particularités paléoécologiques au sein d’un paléoenvironnement saumâtre unique, dans des conditions de forêt tropicale humide il y a près de 54 millions d’années. Cependant, la découverte la plus étonnante se situe probablement au niveau paléogéographique avec plusieurs taxons de vertébrés d’affinités gondwaniennes, attestant que l’Eocène inférieur était une période cruciale en Inde durant laquelle des taxons laurasiens d’affinités ouest-européennes ont coexisté avec des taxons reliques du Gondwana avant la collision Inde-Asie. Nos résultats suggèrent que les faunes terrestres ont pu se disperser vers ou depuis l'Europe lorsque le sous-continent indien est entré en contact, de manière épisodique, avec différents blocs insulaires, tels que le système d'arcs insulaires Kohistan-Ladakh, le long de la marge septentrionale de l’océan Néotéthys. Les campagnes de fouilles et les recherches ont été financées par la National Geographic Society (grants 6868-00, 7938-05, 8356-07, 8710-09, and 8958-11); la Leakey Foundation (2 grants); l’Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (ES grant 560, 21/EMR-II); le Department of Science and Technology of India (ESS/23/Ves092/2000 and SR/S4/ES-254/2007); la Politique Scientifique fédérale Belge (projet Belspo BRAIN BR/121/A3/PalEurAfrica).