In this article, we describe the faunal remains found in a 15th-/first half-16th-century deposit from the kitchen of Park Abbey, a Norbertine abbey that owned large farms and estates since the 12th century. The bone material, combined with information from the abbey’s archives allows documenting the provisioning of animal food. Except for the marine fish, that was bought at the markets of Leuven and Mechelen, all food was obtained from the abbey itself or from the farms on its territory. Small game, i.e. hare and rabbit, captured in the warrant the abbey owned, was only occasionally served. As for poultry, chicken, goose, duck and pigeon were found among the food waste, species that, according to the historical accounts, were kept for some time in the kitchen in braided bird cages or baskets before being slaughtered there. Where the slaughtering of the traditional domestic animals (cattle, sheep and pigs) took place is not so clear and their exact origin is not known either but the abbey owned several farms where animal husbandry was practised. As might be expected at an abbey site, the proportion of fish is very high and, unlike urban or most noble contexts in Flanders, freshwater fish strongly predominated. This can be explained by the exploitation of ponds in which different species were kept, judging from the accounts in the archives. Curiously, only remains of carp were found in the kitchen and not of the other species mentioned in the accounts such as bream or other Cyprinidae described as ‘whitefish’ such as roach, rudd or bleak. Pike, described as a more expensive fish that was sometimes specially bought for the abbot, is also completely absent. However, all these species were found in Ename Abbey. Archaeozoological and historical information from French and British sites, for example, also illustrate the importance of these species. For marine fishes, there is good agreement between the relative importance of the species in the archaeozoological material, the number of times those fishes were mentioned in the accounts and the total cost spent on them. Thus, the high proportion of cod in the food waste is striking, and the importance of this group is also evident from the accounts in which stockfish, abberdaan and fresh cod account for about 80% of expenditure on marine fish. The bone material from the kitchen contains no traces of stockfish, and there is apparently also relatively little fresh cod (the smaller specimens from the southern North Sea). Most cod remains appear to be from abberdaan, the salted form that was traded whole, with head, as opposed to dried stockfish without head. Poultry was apparently not considered meat in monasteries, but the fact that quite a lot of mammalian remains were found in the food waste of Park Abbey shows that the abstinence of meat was not very strict and that Augustine’s rule was apparently interpreted quite moderately. What is noticeable, however, is that both the cattle and sheep remains contain a lot of bone material from body parts that are not very fleshy (phalanges and cannon bones, respectively) and may have served rather for cooking a soup or broth. Skeletal elements of body parts with a lot of meat on them are less common.
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In this contribution, we describe a tooth of Otodus obliquus Agassiz, 1843, found in sand supplementation material on the beach of Dishoek, Walcheren (The Netherlands). Even though this species has a broad distribution in Paleocene and early Eocene successions in Western Europe, in the Netherlands it was thus far only known to occur reworked in younger strata in the subsurface of the northern part of the country, and has never been described from sand supplementation material. The described specimen was found in material dredged up from the Middeldiep, a trough in the Zeeuwse Banken area. The associated mollusk fauna suggests that the material is derived from the mid-Pleistocene to early Holocene Kreftenheye Formation, in which the described early Eocene tooth likely occurred as reworked. Potentially, it was originally derived from the early Eocene Tielt Formation, outcropping to the south of Brugge, Belgium, and transported by local rivers to the Zeeuwse Banken area during the Pleistocene. Alternatively, flint and chalk material present in the sand supplementation material suggests that the described specimen could also be originated across the North Sea, derived from the early Eocene Harwich and London Clay deposits exposed in Kent and Essex (England) and transported eastwards by the paleo-Thames.
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