Wim Van Neer, Bea De Cupere, Wim Wouters, Lisa Van Ransbeeck, and Stefan Van Lani (2025)
Een blik op de laatmiddeleeuwse voedselvoorziening van de Abdij van Park (Heverlee, Vlaams-Brabant) op basis van archeozoölogische en historische informatie
In: Alle dieren groot ende clene. Studies over natuurwetenschappen en archeologie, ed. by De Cupere, B., Deforce, K., De Groote, K., Haneca, K. . Onroerend Erfgoed, Brussel, chap. 17, pp. 225-245. Relicta Monografieën 20.
In this article, we describe the faunal remains found in a 15th-/first half-16th-century deposit from the kitchen
of Park Abbey, a Norbertine abbey that owned large farms and estates since the 12th century. The bone material,
combined with information from the abbey’s archives allows documenting the provisioning of animal
food. Except for the marine fish, that was bought at the markets of Leuven and Mechelen, all food was obtained
from the abbey itself or from the farms on its territory. Small game, i.e. hare and rabbit, captured in the warrant
the abbey owned, was only occasionally served. As for poultry, chicken, goose, duck and pigeon were found
among the food waste, species that, according to the historical accounts, were kept for some time in the kitchen
in braided bird cages or baskets before being slaughtered there. Where the slaughtering of the traditional domestic
animals (cattle, sheep and pigs) took place is not so clear and their exact origin is not known either but
the abbey owned several farms where animal husbandry was practised. As might be expected at an abbey site,
the proportion of fish is very high and, unlike urban or most noble contexts in Flanders, freshwater fish strongly
predominated. This can be explained by the exploitation of ponds in which different species were kept, judging
from the accounts in the archives. Curiously, only remains of carp were found in the kitchen and not of the other
species mentioned in the accounts such as bream or other Cyprinidae described as ‘whitefish’ such as roach,
rudd or bleak. Pike, described as a more expensive fish that was sometimes specially bought for the abbot, is
also completely absent. However, all these species were found in Ename Abbey. Archaeozoological and historical
information from French and British sites, for example, also illustrate the importance of these species.
For marine fishes, there is good agreement between the relative importance of the species in the archaeozoological
material, the number of times those fishes were mentioned in the accounts and the total cost spent
on them. Thus, the high proportion of cod in the food waste is striking, and the importance of this group is also
evident from the accounts in which stockfish, abberdaan and fresh cod account for about 80% of expenditure
on marine fish. The bone material from the kitchen contains no traces of stockfish, and there is apparently also
relatively little fresh cod (the smaller specimens from the southern North Sea). Most cod remains appear to be
from abberdaan, the salted form that was traded whole, with head, as opposed to dried stockfish without head.
Poultry was apparently not considered meat in monasteries, but the fact that quite a lot of mammalian remains
were found in the food waste of Park Abbey shows that the abstinence of meat was not very strict and that
Augustine’s rule was apparently interpreted quite moderately. What is noticeable, however, is that both the
cattle and sheep remains contain a lot of bone material from body parts that are not very fleshy (phalanges and
cannon bones, respectively) and may have served rather for cooking a soup or broth. Skeletal elements of body
parts with a lot of meat on them are less common.
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