Although questions of modern human origins and dispersal are subject to intense research within and outside Africa, the processes of modern human diversification during the Late Pleistocene are most often discussed within the context of recent human genetic data. This situation is due largely to the dearth of human fossil remains dating to the final Pleistocene in Africa and their almost total absence from West and Central Africa, thus limiting our perception of modern human diversification within Africa before the Holocene. Here, we present a morphometric comparative analysis of the earliest Late Pleistocene modern human remains from the Central African site of Ishango in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The early Late Stone Age layer (eLSA) of this site, dated to the Last Glacial Maximum (25–20 Ky), contains more than one hundred fragmentary human remains. The exceptional associated archaeological context suggests these remains derived from a community of hunter-fisher-gatherers exhibiting complex social and cognitive behaviors including substantial reliance on aquatic resources, development of fishing technology, possible mathematical notations and repetitive use of space, likely on a seasonal basis. Comparisons with large samples of Late Pleistocene and early Holocene modern human fossils from Africa and Eurasia show that the Ishango human remains exhibit distinctive characteristics and a higher phenotypic diversity in contrast to recent African populations. In many aspects, as is true for the inner ear conformation, these eLSA human remains have more affinities with Middle to early Late Pleistocene fossils worldwide than with extant local African populations. In addition, cross-sectional geometric properties of the long bones are consistent with archaeological evidence suggesting reduced terrestrial mobility resulting from greater investment in and use of aquatic resources. Our results on the Ishango human remains provide insights into past African modern human diversity and adaptation that are consistent with genetic theories about the deep sub-structure of Late Pleistocene African populations and their complex evolutionary history of isolation and diversification.
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RBINS Staff Publications 2016
Depending on the form it can take, disability is perceived differently by societies. Adequate care tailored to the severity of impairments sometimes determines the survival of disabled individuals. Some of these pathologies leave traces on the skeleton which can be detected by palaeopathologists. We present two “non-conforming” medieval individuals who must have stood out among their contemporaries. They were buried in the cistercian abbey of the Dunes at Coxyde (West Flanders), active mainly from the 12th to the 15th century. The first individual, suffering from disproportionate dwarfism with a normal-sized trunk and short limbs, lived for about forty years before being buried north of the abbey church. The second had a congenital bilateral calcaneus varus foot deformity, along with other serious pathologies indicating a persistence of mobility conditioned by the use of crutches. He passed away after 50 years and was buried in the cloister. If they had not been members of a monastic community or benefactors, would these subjects have had the same quality of life? Beyond the absence of difference in their funerary treatment, the care provided to these particular individuals testifies to their inclusion in medieval society and redefines our perception of their position in past communities. Selon les formes qu’il peut prendre, le handicap est perçu de manière variable par les sociétés. Une prise en charge adaptée à la sévérité des atteintes conditionne parfois la survie de sujets infirmes. Certaines de ces pathologies laissent des traces sur le squelette et peuvent ainsi être détectées par les paléopathologistes. Nous présentons deux individus médiévaux « hors normes » qui ont dû marquer leurs contemporains. Ils ont été inhumés au sein de l’abbaye cistercienne des Dunes de Coxyde (Flandre occidentale), en activité principalement du xiie au xve siècle. Le premier individu, qui souffrait de nanisme disproportionnel avec un tronc de taille normale et des membres courts, a vécu une quarantaine d’années avant d’être enterré au nord de l’église abbatiale. Le second était atteint d’un pied calcaneus varus congénital bilatéral ainsi que d’autres pathologies lourdes qui indiquent une persistance de sa mobilité conditionnée par l’utilisation de béquilles. Il est décédé après 50 ans et fut inhumé dans le cloître. S’ils n’avaient pas été membres d’une communauté monastique ou issus de classes sociales favorisées, ces sujets auraient-ils eu le même parcours de vie ? Au-delà de l’absence de différence de traitement funéraire, la prise en charge de ces individus particuliers témoigne de leur inclusion dans la société médiévale et redéfinit notre vision de leur place dans les communautés du passé.
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RBINS Staff Publications 2025
