Search results

The paleobotanist Philippe Gerrienne was internationally renowned for his work on early land plants. His research career was however not limited to the study of Devonian floras. He also actively contributed to the progress of Belgian Wealdian (Early Cretaceous), early Paleogene and Quaternary research. In this framework, Philippe’s interest for Paleogene plants already appeared when he helped to sort Stockmans’ paleobotanical collections of the Royal Belgian institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS) during a civil service he did between 1987 and 1989. In the old conservatoires, he discovered hundreds of silicified trunks and branches from the “upper Landenian” (early Eocene) of Belgium, which were collected in 1970 in the area of Hoegaarden during the construction of the Brussels-Liège highway (E40-A3). From 1994, the RBINS developed new research activities in early Paleogene Belgian sites. At this occasion, fossil plants discovered next to vertebrates from the warm earliest Eocene at Dormaal were studied in collaboration with the Royal Museum for Central Africa, which owns an excellent xylotheque of tropical woods (Doutrelepont et al., 1997). This first step allowed in 1999, after several preliminary works, to start a partnership with the University of Liège (ULiège) and the University of Mons (UMons) through a F.R.F.C.-I.C. (FNRS) project, leaded by Muriel Fairon-Demaret (ULg), on the "Reconstruction of the terrestrial ecosystems in Belgium during the Palaeocene-Eocene transition, 50-60 million years ago". During three years (1999-2002), numerous fieldworks in Belgium and research activities in labs were realized, including a first database of more than 600 hundreds fossil wood specimens. In this overview, I summarize the main accomplishments that have been done in the field. At Péruwelz, we found a silicified trunk fragment of a new arborescent Ericaceae in the marine Thanetian (Upper Paleocene), which was named Agaristoxylon garennicum (Gerrienne et al., 1999). The paleoenvironment of Dormaal was reconstructed based on fruits and seeds from the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (Fairon-Demaret & Smith, 2002). The most successful work was probably the study of the in situ monospecific Glyptostroboxylon forest of Overlaar at Hoegaarden (Fairon-Demaret et al., 2003). This warm Everglades-like paleoenvironment attracted the Belgian media and finally led to the construction of the geopark of Hoegaarden. In 2004, Philippe described the Givetian (middle Devonian) seed precursor Runcaria heinzelinii Stockmans, 1968 from Ronquières, Belgium (Gerrienne et al., 2004). The rediscovery of the 385-million-year-old basal seed plant and, the same year, the retirement of his close colleague Muriel Fairon-Demaret focused definitively his interest on the Paleozoic. References Doutrelepont, H., Smith, T., Damblon, F., Smith, R. & Beeckman, H., 1997. Un bois silicifié de peuplier de la transition Paléocène-Eocène de Dormaal, Belgique. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 67, 183-188. Fairon-Demaret, M. & Smith, T., 2002. Fruits and seeds from the Tienen Formation at Dormaal, Paleocene-Eocene transition in eastern Belgium. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 122, 47-62. Fairon-Demaret, M., Steurbaut, E., Damblon, F., Dupuis, C., Smith, T. & Gerrienne, P., 2003. The in situ Glyptostroboxylon forest of Hoegaarden (Belgium) at the Initial Eocene Thermal Maximum (55 Ma). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 126, 103-129. Gerrienne, P., Beeckman, H., Damblon, F., Doutrelepont, H., Fairon-Demaret, M. & Smith, T., 1999. Agaristoxylon garennicum Gerrienne et al., gen. et sp. nov., an arborescent Ericaceae from the Belgian Upper Paleocene: palaeoenvironmental implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 104, 299-307. Gerrienne, P., Meyer-Berthaud, B., Fairon-Demaret, M., Streel, M. & Steemans, P., 2004. Runcaria, a Middle Devonian Seed Plant Precursor. Science, 306, 856-858.

The article proposes a methodology for assessing the development of damage in building structures, subjected to differential settlement and uplift, using the analysis of Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data. The proposed methodology is targeted towards general applicability, capable of providing assessment results for measurements over wide geographic areas and for varying structural typologies. The methodology is not limited to ground movement measurements linked to tunnelling, as is the common case. Instead it extends to the monitoring of arbitrary movement in buildings, for example, due to ground consolidation, water table changes or excavation. The methodology is designed for use alongside patrimonial building databases, from which data on individual building geometry and typology are extracted on a region or country scale. Ground movement monitoring data are used for the calculation of the building deformation, expressed in different types of deformation parameters. The combined use of this data with analytical models for settlement damage classification in building structures enables the assessment in patrimonial building structures, at a country scale. The methodology is elaborated and applied on the patrimonial inventory of Belgium for the evaluation of potential settlement and uplift damage on buildings over a period of nearly three decades. The analysis results are compared to on-site observations.

Raoellidae are extinct small-sized semiaquatic artiodactyls that are the closest relatives to crown clade Cetacea. They display morphological features showing the transition between terrestrial and aquatic lifestyles and therefore bring crucial information to understand the earliest steps of cetacean evolution. Raoellid cranial morphology, including the ear region and endocranial morphology, has been documented using cranial remains referred to Indohyus indirae from the Kalakot area, Jammu and Kashmir in India. The study of these specimens highlighted that several cetacean features are already present in raoellids. The previously available Indohyus material was very deformed, preventing access to quantitative data and leading to potential misinterpretations. We describe new undeformed cranial material from the Kalakot area, documenting another raoellid species, Khirtharia inflata. The new observations allow us to complete our knowledge of raoellid cranial morphology, including the original shape of the cranium and brain endocast and to confirm the specificities of raoellid morphology within Artiodactyla. We further provide the first quantitative data for the different brain components and show that Raoellidae had low encephalization and neocorticalization values, much lower than cetaceans and close to early diverging, primitive, dichobunoid artiodactyls. Reconstruction of the blood sinuses above the cerebellum supports the previous “intraosseous” hypothesis about the initial steps of the development of the caudal venous rete mirabile in cetaceans. The presence of several cetacean cranial features in Raoellidae, such as the peculiar shape of the frontal, the strong postorbital constriction, the periotic involucrum, or the elongation of the olfactory bulbs, questions the definition of the Cetacea clade.

Maritime transport of Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) has increased for 20 years, involving the risk of major pollution accidents with potentially more hazardous than oil. Chemicals may involve long-term environmental effects and the risks for public safety can be more severe for chemical releases (European Maritime Safety Agency [EMSA], 2007). Approximately 2,000 chemicals are transported by sea and only a few hundred chemicals are transported in bulk, but it represents the main volume of the chemical trade (Purnell, 2009). Alongside the expansion of chemicals transported at sea, incidents involving chemical tankers increased accordingly. Still, information on past and more recent incidents is not easily available. Furthermore, in the case of marine accident involving HNS, spill response is difficult due to the chemicals spilled, particularly when gas or volatile substances are released. The vapour cloud created can be toxic, flammable or explosive and there is a necessity to protect the crew, the population nearby as well as the environment and the stakeholders involved in marine pollution response. As an example, Figure 1 shows a picture of the explosion which occurred in September 2019 in the Ulsan harbour, South Korea. This explosion is the consequence of a styrene monomer leak on the chemical tanker Stolt Groenland that led to a massive explosion with fireball and mushroom cloud. The present report is a literature review on past accidents that have induced the formation of a toxic, flammable or explosive gas cloud. The information gathered will allow better identification of 1) the categories of chemicals most involved; 2) the main risks generated by the gas cloud dispersion in the air and 3) the consequences of a chemical slick on fire at the water surface as well as the hazard due to a vapour cloud explosion. This work is part of WP2: Enhancing knowledge and data on gases and evaporators of the MANIFESTS program (Managing risks and impacts from evaporating and gaseous substances to population safety) that studies risks associated to accidental chemical spills in the marine environment. The aim of this WP is to contribute to a better prediction of the consequences of vapour clouds due to marine accidents. This would facilitate the intervention of marine pollution organisms and would also help to protect population nearby, as we would know precisely where the dangerous area is.

Responding to maritime accidents can be extremely challenging when involving HNS that behave as evaporators. Due to their potential to form toxic or combustible clouds, evidence-based decisions are needed to protect the crew, responders, the coastal population and the environment. However, when an emergency is declared, key information is not always available for all the needs of responders. A case in point is the lack of knowledge and data to assess the risks that responders or rescue teams could take when intervening, or those that could impact coastal communities when allowing a shipping casualty to dock at a place of refuge. The MANIFESTS project aims to address these uncertainties and improve response and training capacities through the development of an operational decision-support system (DSS) for volatile HNS spills. Besides management and communication, the project includes four other work packages: WP2 on collecting new data on evaporators, WP3 on table top exercises and field training, WP4 on improving modelling tools and WP5 on the development of the DSS. Key expected outcomes include: · Operational guidance; · Desktop and field exercises; · In situ training; · Experimental data on gas cloud fate; · A brand-new fire and explosion modelling module; · Improved HNS database with new experimental data on evaporation/dissolution kinetics. This report presents the results obtained in the framework of the task 4.1 aiming at developing tools that would help responders to asses risks in case of explosion and of fire of volatile HNS. The fire module computes the energy flux as a function of the distance to the fire source. It is useful to assess the safety distance at which e.g. a boat can approach a fire while keeping the crew safe. The energy flux can cause burning to people, and start new fire. The burning rate is also estimated. The explosion module computes the overpressure of the shockwave caused by the combustion of a chemical. This overpressure can be very dangerous for people and structure, causing wounds from minor injury to death and destruction of building. The model could be used to predict what could happen in case of the explosion of a stored explosive for instance. The two models are simplifications of the reality and do not take everything into account. Their results can be useful to have a rough idea of what could happen in open sea but should always be interpreted keeping the model hypotheses and limitations in mind. Due to the sensitivity of the topic, the source code of both modules is not made available to public

Responding to maritime accidents can be extremely challenging when involving HNS that behave as evaporators. Due to their potential to form toxic or combustible clouds, evidence-based decisions are needed to protect the crew, responders, the coastal population and the environment. However, when an emergency is declared, key information is not always available for all the needs of responders. A case in point is the lack of knowledge and data to assess the risks that responders or rescue teams could take when intervening, or those that could impact coastal communities when allowing a shipping casualty to dock at a place of refuge. The MANIFESTS project aims to address these uncertainties and improve response and training capacities through the development of an operational decision-support system (DSS) for volatile HNS spills. Besides management and communication, the project includes four other work packages: WP2 on collecting new data on evaporators, WP3 on table top exercises and field training, WP4 on improving modelling tools and WP5 on the development of the DSS. Key expected outcomes include: · Operational guidance; · Desktop and field exercises; · In situ training; · Experimental data on gas cloud fate; · A brand-new fire and explosion modelling module; · Improved HNS database with new experimental data on evaporation/dissolution kinetics. This report presents the developments realized in the framework of the task 4.2. This task gave the opportunity to the MANIFESTS consortium to improve one or several features of their models allowing to better simulate the HNS concentration in the atmosphere. Only RBINS seizes this opportunity and has implemented in OSERIT some improvements in order to better simulate the HNS concentration at the sea surface, evaporation processes and finally has implemented a new atmosphere transport and dispersion model. OSERIT (Oil Spill Evaluation and Response Integrated Tool) is a model which describes the drift of a pollutant at sea using Lagrangian particle. It can be used in case of an accident with release of oil or chemical, to obtain an estimation of the pollution trajectory as well as some basic information about its behavior and fate at sea. In the framework of the MANIFESTS project, a new atmospheric dispersion module fully coupled to OSERIT has been developed and several marine processes have been improved. In this report, the improved processes are described and their actual implementation in OSERIT is explained.