While geological models traditionally focus on the natural status of the underground, the shallow subsurface has been significantly altered by human activities over centuries. Particularly in urban contexts, ground has been raised, reworked, filled-in or disturbed in other ways. The rationale behind these alterations is as varied as the characteristics of the associated anthropogenic deposits: large-scale structures such as residential and industrial areas built on extensive sheets of filling materials or reclaimed lands are intertwined with smaller-scale features related, for example, to road and railway infrastructures, dikes or landfills. Their composition is equally diverse, ranging from displaced natural materials, such as crushed rocks, gravel, sand or clay, to artificial substances like recycled steel slags, concrete or rubble, or mixtures of these. Gaining knowledge on the presence and characteristics of such deposits is highly relevant, as their physical and chemical behaviour may differ significantly from those of natural deposits. The significance of anthropogenic deposits is increasingly recognized in urban geology. Resolving the geometry and properties of the urban shallow subsurface is essential for anticipating associated risks, for example dealing with pollution, ground stability or distorted water infiltration patterns. Anthropogenic deposits are, however, often scantily archived in permit documentation or represented on (geological) maps. Within the GSEU (Geological Service for Europe) project, the GSB is contributing to the task to develop a common, international vocabulary to describe all aspects of anthropogenic deposits, allowing standardised representation and characterisation in geological models. In parallel, VITO is developing shallow subsurface urban models for the Flemish government (VPO) within the VLAKO-framework, such as the published model of the Antwerp harbour and city. As the anthropogene inherently is part of these models, we are always aiming to better incorporate these deposits into the models. However, modelling the anthropogene presents unique challenges due to its high-resolution variability, scarcity of input data, and dynamic nature. It requires an approach that differs radically from traditional geological modelling techniques, in which depositional concepts related to the sedimentational or structural environment can be incorporated. In this presentation we will outline how we integrate various 1D, 2D and 3D sources to identify and characterize anthropogenic deposits and incorporate these insights in a 3D geological model of the anthropogene. This methodology is applied to the urban periphery of Brussels, where a new 3D geological model is being developed to support infrastructure projects and urban planning with special focus on the ring road (R0) of Brussels. Secondly, we will evaluate current lithological standards, vocabulary and stratigraphic approaches to characterize anthropogenic deposits. We will discuss their applicability in Flanders with practical examples from the periphery of Brussels. Ultimately, improving the representation of the anthropogene in geological models will significantly enhance their utility for urban planning, environmental management, and the sustainable utilization of the subsurface in urban areas.
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RBINS Staff Publications 2024
The main objective of the IMAROS task 3.5 “modelling the weathering of low Sulphur fuel oil” was to demonstrate the ability or the inability of the existing oil weathering parameterizations to predict the weathering of the new fuel oil types. In case the current parameterizations turn out to be inaccurate, new parametrizations had to be suggested. Finally, since each European countries operate their own oil spill drift, fate and behavior model, the findings and conclusions of this task had to be reported independently of these models but as best practices that could be implemented in the different national models. To achieve all these objectives, a 3-step methodology was followed. First, a literature review has been performed to identify the state-of-the-art oil weathering parametrizations. Then, the selected weathering parameterizations were implemented in a so-called “toy model” (i.e., a light 0D oil weathering model whose only purpose was to play with the implemented weathering parameterizations). Finally, the toy model results were validated / invalidated against observations from several experiments carried out at CEDRE’s polludrome (tank filled with water able to simulate the weathering of oil at sea). The present reports strictly follow this 3-step approach. In section 2 , we define the concept of oil weathering and give a comprehensive introduction to the concept of weathering model and weathering process parametrizations. Interested readers shall find the equations of the weathering processes parametrizations in Annex I. In section 3, we present the physicochemical characteristics of the LSFO oils tested in the framework of the IMAROS project. 13 oils referred as IM1 to IM13 have been initially tested in Lab. Their properties were quite diverse, for instance with a pour point ranging between -27°C and +30°C. In a second step, weathering of 3 VLSFO oils have been tested at pilot scale (flume tank). This report focuses on these 3 oils referenced as IM-5, IM-14, and IM-15. In section 4, we present the numerical experiences we performed with our toy model to simulate the oil weathering as in CEDRE’s flume tank. In section 5, we compare and discuss the model simulation results with the observation in CEDRE’s flume tank. Finally, in section 6, we draw some conclusions and present some recommendations in the form of best practices.
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RBINS Staff Publications 2022 OA
