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A new small crocodylian skull from the early Paleocene of Qianshan, Anhui, China reveals an ancient Asian ghost lineage
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The Crocodylia include all modern crocodiles, alligators, caimans and gharials, and their extinct relatives. They are an ancient lineage that originated around 70 million years ago. Recently, the field of crocodylian paleontology has experienced a rise in attention from researchers, however, much is still unknown about the early evolution of this group. Our research describes newly discovered fossil material comprised of a small crocodylian skull and associated partial lower jaw of early Paleocene age. It was discovered during a Belgian-Chinese expedition in Qianshan Basin, Anhui Province, China, as part of a bilateral cooperation project between the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences and the Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the present study, the fossil material is formally described for the first time. Micro-CT scans are made to visualize internal anatomical structures, as well as characters hidden by the sediment. A comprehensive morphological study is executed, revealing that the specimen is a juvenile. It likely constitutes a new species and genus, as it differs from other crocodyloids by several autapomorphies. A phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characteristics reveal that this specimen is the most basal taxon among Crocodyloidea, a group that comprises all species more closely related to modern crocodiles than to modern alligators, caimans, or gharials. Although it is not the oldest crocodyloid ever reported, it is the earliest crocodyloid in Asia. Moreover, its basal phylogenetic position implies that it is part of an ancient ghost lineage of crocodyloids that had already been around in Asia for a longer time. The presence of crocodyloid remains in the Late Cretaceous of North America and the late Paleocene of Europe suggests that crocodyloids may have migrated there from Asia early on in their evolutionary history.
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RBINS Staff Publications 2021
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A new species of Elpidium (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from phytothelmata in Argentina: description, habitat and geography.
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RBINS Staff Publications 2017
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A new specimen shows that Jeholornis and Jixianornis are the same species
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RBINS Staff Publications
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A novel approach to single out Raman scattering spectra from laser induced fluorescence in thermally sensitive materials.
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RBINS Staff Publications 2016
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A novel role for natural science collections in European contaminant monitoring
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This poster outlines the role that can be played by natural science collections for monitoring of environmental contaminants in biota.
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RBINS Staff Publications 2021
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A One Health team to improve Monkeypox virus outbreak response: an example from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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RBINS Staff Publications 2017
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A peculiar fish jaw with molariform teeth from the early Eocene of Tadkeshwar Mine, India highlights diversity and evolution of early gymnodont tetraodontiforms
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Excavations during 2015 at a channel deposit in the early Eocene Cambay Shale Formation of the Tadkeshwar open cast lignite mine near Vastan in Gujarat Province, western India, have yielded terrestrial mammals, lizards, snakes, frogs, and birds as well as a few marine/brackish-water animals, predominantly teeth of the shark Physogaleus and Myliobatis rays. Among these is a jaw of an unusual teleost. This lower jaw of a gymnodont has fused dentaries, lacks a beak, and shows a remarkable series of teeth that are unique among all known fossil and living Tetraodontiformes. The teeth are molariform with raised “spokes” radiating inward from the emarginated peripheral edge of the crown. Tooth development is intraosseous, with new teeth developing in spongy bone before they erupt and attach to the dentary by pedicels. Although many of the 110 tooth loci in the fossil specimen have lost their teeth, in life the teeth would have grown to fit tightly together to form a broad and continuous crushing surface. The estimated age of the early Eocene Cambay Shale vertebrate fauna is ca. 54.5 Ma, making the jaw the second oldest confirmed gymnodont fossil. Comparisons to extant taxa of gymnodonts with fused dentaries (e.g., Diodon, Chilomycterus, and Mola) offer few clues about evolutionary relationships of the new fossil. Although the fused dentaries suggest affinities to diodontids and molids among living tetraodontiforms, it remains challenging to interpret phylogenetic relationships of the new Indian gymnodont because no living or fossil tetraodontoid has similar tooth morphology. We describe it as a new genus and species, and place it in its own new family of Gymnodontes. Grant Information: National Geographic Society, Leakey Foundation, Belgian Science Policy Office, Tontogany Creek Fund, National Science Foundation, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology.
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RBINS Staff Publications 2017
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A peculiar ornamental stone in the civitas Treverorum used in funeral monuments and the antique theatre of Dalheim (Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg).
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RBINS Staff Publications 2022
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A posteriori verification methodology for astrochronology: a step further to improve the falsifiability of cyclostratigraphy
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Cyclostratigraphy is increasingly used to improve the Geologic Time Scale and our understanding of past climatic systems. However, except in a few existing methodologies, the quality of the results is often not evaluated. We propose a new methodology to document this quality, through a decomposition of a signal into a set of narrow band components from which instantaneous frequency and amplitude can be computed, using the Hilbert transform. The components can be obtained by Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), but also by filtering a signal (be it tuned or not) in any relevant way, and by subsequently performing EMD on the signal minus its filtered parts. From that decomposition, verification is performed to estimate the pertinence of the results, based on different concepts that we introduce: Integrity quantifies to what extent the sum of the components is equal to the signal. It is defined as the cumulated difference between (1) the signal, and (2) the summed components of the decomposition. EMD fulfils integrity by design, except for errors caused by floating-decimal arithmetic. Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) may fail to satisfy integrity unless noisy realisations are carefully chosen in the algorithm to cancel each other when averaging the realisations. We present such an algorithm implemented in R: “extricate”, which performs EEMD in a few seconds. Parsimony checks that the decomposition does not generate components that heavily cancel out. We propose to quantify it as the ratio between (1) the cumulated absolute values of each component (except the trend), and (2) the cumulated absolute values of the signal (minus the trend). The trend should be ignored in the calculation, because an added trend decreases the parsimony estimation of a similar decomposition. IMF departure (IMFD) quantifies the departure of each component to the definition of intrinsic mode functions (IMF), from which instantaneous frequency can reliably be computed. We define it as the mean of the absolute differences of the base 2 logarithms of frequencies obtained using (1) a robust generalized zero-crossing method (GZC, which simplifies the components into extrema separated by zero-crossings) and (2) a more local method such as the Hilbert Transform. Reversibility is the concept that all initial data points are preserved, even after linear interpolation and tuning. This allows to revert back to the original signal and discuss the significance of each data point. To facilitate reversibility we introduce the concept of quanta (smallest depth or time interval having significance for a given sampling) and an algorithm computing the highest rational common divisor of given values in R: “divisor”. This new methodology allows to check the final result of cyclostratigraphic analysis independently of how it was performed (i.e. a posteriori). Once the above-mentioned concepts are taken into account, the instantaneous frequencies, ratios of frequencies and amplitudes of the components can be computed and used to interpret the pertinence of the analysis in a geologically meaningful way. The instantaneity and independence of frequency and amplitude so obtained open a new way of performing time-series analysis.
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RBINS Staff Publications 2020
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A potential origin for 160-poor cosmic spherules: a near-Earth source and parentage with CY chondrites
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RBINS Staff Publications 2022