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In the scope of H2020 Eurofleets+ project, 28 Transnational Access cruises were funded to conduct multidisciplinary scientific research projects. In order to achieve Open data FAIRness, an integrated data management approach has been set up in synergy with the pan-European SeaDataNet infrastructure involving three NODCs as core partners. It resulted in the collection of a tremendous amount of data from which 66% had been preserved, more than 40% made Findable and 30% Interroperable. Achieving successful data management was allowed by a close collaboration and good communication between scientists and NODCs.

Nearly every geological subdiscipline relies to some degree on regional geological knowledge. In the introductory section of most geological papers it is standard practice to provide regional geological background information. Stratigraphic terminology is often well defined while other disciplinary concepts rely, at least to some degree, on generally agreed definitions or hierarchical schemes, such as paleontological, structural or magmatic terminology. This, however, is much less the case for the regional geological building blocks. Their names are usually composed of a combination of a geographical locality and a geological term. A few examples from Belgium are Brabant Massif, Campine Basin, Stavelot-Venn Inlier, and Malmedy Graben. Most of these have in common that, although their importance is well recognised, their definitions are vague and sometimes even conflicting, in that their meaning may differ between contexts and authors. Even if their meaning has drifted or become less exact, as a result of their frequent historical use, they commonly remain in use today. This issue is not exclusive to Belgium, but seems to be an altogether historic and worldwide phenomenon. Recently within Europe there is a growing awareness of this issue, resulting in important but rather isolated efforts to better structure and define regional information (Hintersberger et al. 2017; Németh 2021; Le Bayon et al. 2022) which have been brought together through pan-European cooperation (GSEU – Horizon Europe 101075609). The central element that seems to encompass most geologic features, is the lithotectonic unit (a distinct unit based on its partly separate geological history; URI: http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/GeologicUnitTypeValue/lithotectonicUnit). Grabens, basins and inliers are examples of lithotectonic units. In order to define and describe these units more accurately, lithotectonic limits are introduced. These are planar features, such as faults and unconformities, that correspond to the geologic events that formed the lithotectonic unit (Piessens et al. 2024). All information is organised and linked in vocabularies (thesauri) that together not only adequately define each concept, but also determine the relations between them, placing them in space and geological time (Plašienka 1999). This outlines the core methodology, around which 2D and 3D multi-scale visualisations are built, annotations can be added, existing ontologies can be linked (such as the ICS Geological Time Scale Ontology; Cox and Richard, 2005) and newly developed extensions such as the Modified Wilson Cycle (Németh 2021). As such, the work at Belgian level is closely linked to the ongoing international developments. Making use of the ongoing developments at European level, Belgium was the first country to set up a lithotectonic working group that became operational in 2023. Its first goal is to provide a lithotectonic framework that describes a starting set of main geological units and limits in Belgium, according to emerging European standards (the work at European level is linked to the implementation of INSPIRE and 195 is in communication with the GeoSciML community), by the end of 2024. The working group meets approximately every 2 months, and organisationally resides under the National Commission for Stratigraphy in Belgium. The working group will soon be looking for additional experts (junior and senior) in its continuing effort to identify and define broad superstructures, detail the regional geology to the more local level, to tackle new types of lithotectonic elements, or better address parts of geological history. Potential candidates are encouraged to contact one of the authors or the NCS secretariat. Cox SJD, Richard SM (2005) A formal model for the geologic time scale and global stratotype section and point, compatible with geospatial information transfer standards. Geosphere 1:119. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00022.1 Hintersberger E, Iglseder C, Schuster R, Huet B (2017) The new database “Tectonic Boundaries” at the Geological Survey of Austria. Jahrbuch der geologischen Bundesanstalt 157:195–207 Le Bayon B, Padel M, Baudin T, et al (2022) The geological-event reference system, a step towards geological data harmonization. BSGF - Earth Sci Bull 193:18. https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022017 Németh Z (2021) Lithotectonic units of the Western Carpathians: Suggestion of simple methodology for lithotectonic units defining, applicable for orogenic belts world-wide. Mineralia Slovaca 2:81–90 Piessens K, Walstra J, Willems A, Barros R (2024) Old concepts in a new semantic perspective: introducing a geotemporal approach to conceptual definitions in geology. Life Sciences Plašienka D (1999) Definition and correlation of tectonic units with a special reference to some Central Western Carpathian examples. Mineralia Slovaca 31:3–16

While geological models traditionally focus on the natural status of the underground, the shallow subsurface has been significantly altered by human activities over centuries. Particularly in urban contexts, ground has been raised, reworked, filled-in or disturbed in other ways. The rationale behind these alterations is as varied as the characteristics of the associated anthropogenic deposits: large-scale structures such as residential and industrial areas built on extensive sheets of filling materials or reclaimed lands are intertwined with smaller-scale features related, for example, to road and railway infrastructures, dikes or landfills. Their composition is equally diverse, ranging from displaced natural materials, such as crushed rocks, gravel, sand or clay, to artificial substances like recycled steel slags, concrete or rubble, or mixtures of these. Gaining knowledge on the presence and characteristics of such deposits is highly relevant, as their physical and chemical behaviour may differ significantly from those of natural deposits. The significance of anthropogenic deposits is increasingly recognized in urban geology. Resolving the geometry and properties of the urban shallow subsurface is essential for anticipating associated risks, for example dealing with pollution, ground stability or distorted water infiltration patterns. Anthropogenic deposits are, however, often scantily archived in permit documentation or represented on (geological) maps. Within the GSEU (Geological Service for Europe) project, the GSB is contributing to the task to develop a common, international vocabulary to describe all aspects of anthropogenic deposits, allowing standardised representation and characterisation in geological models. In parallel, VITO is developing shallow subsurface urban models for the Flemish government (VPO) within the VLAKO-framework, such as the published model of the Antwerp harbour and city. As the anthropogene inherently is part of these models, we are always aiming to better incorporate these deposits into the models. However, modelling the anthropogene presents unique challenges due to its high-resolution variability, scarcity of input data, and dynamic nature. It requires an approach that differs radically from traditional geological modelling techniques, in which depositional concepts related to the sedimentational or structural environment can be incorporated. In this presentation we will outline how we integrate various 1D, 2D and 3D sources to identify and characterize anthropogenic deposits and incorporate these insights in a 3D geological model of the anthropogene. This methodology is applied to the urban periphery of Brussels, where a new 3D geological model is being developed to support infrastructure projects and urban planning with special focus on the ring road (R0) of Brussels. Secondly, we will evaluate current lithological standards, vocabulary and stratigraphic approaches to characterize anthropogenic deposits. We will discuss their applicability in Flanders with practical examples from the periphery of Brussels. Ultimately, improving the representation of the anthropogene in geological models will significantly enhance their utility for urban planning, environmental management, and the sustainable utilization of the subsurface in urban areas.

Nous proposons une étude archéo-anthropologique des sépultures d’un cimetière médiéval découvert de manière fortuite à Virelles (Wallonie, Belgique) en 2021. Cette découverte a fait l’objet d’une opération archéologique partielle par l’Agence wallonne du Patrimoine. L’espace investigué comprenaient 37 sépultures, dont 32 étudiées en laboratoire. Les datations 14C placent l’occupation du cimetière entre le IXe et le XIe siècle. Outre notre principal objectif, discuter des caractéristiques tant biologiques que funéraires des individus exhumés à Virelles, nous avons mené des comparaisons avec deux autres cimetières contemporains, Nivelles et Huy. À Virelles, les modes d’inhumation, excepté la présence d’un caveau, révèlent l’emploi fréquent de cercueils mais également des défunts inhumés dans des fosses parfois taillées dans la roche presque affleurante, avec quelquefois un aménagement céphalique. Leur proximité et l’absence de recoupement attesteraient d’une volonté de persistance du souvenir des défunts et donc d’un probable marquage des tombes. Les observations archéo-thanatologiques indiquent en outre le dépôt intentionnel de fragments de céramiques sous certains défunts. Les données biologiques de Virelles révèlent deux anomalies démographiques : une sous-représentation des individus décédés avant l’âge d’un an et une sur-représentation des enfants décédés entre 5 et 14 ans. Ces biais pourraient résulter d’une sélection par les vivants pour des raisons qui nous échappent, ou bien être liées à la fouille incomplète du cimetière. Quant aux adultes, le corpus est composé majoritairement d’individus décédés au-delà de 60 ans. L’analyse montre que la population de Virelles présentait un bon état de santé par rapport aux sites de comparaison. En combinant ces données biologiques (sexe, âge, et diverses pathologies) avec l’analyse des aspects funéraires, il apparaît que la population de Virelles avait probablement vécu dans de bonnes conditions. Ces résultats permettent d’engager de nouvelles recherches sur les conditions de vie des populations rurales wallonnes médiévales.

L’archéo-anthropologie a le plus souvent investi l’archéologie des conflits par le biais des sépultures multiples, mais d’autres aspects, en particulier celui de la gestion des blessés à l’issue de batailles, peuvent également être documentés. Les fouilles menées par le collectif Waterloo Uncovered, qui lie recherche scientifique et œuvre sociale à destination de vétérans souffrant de stress post-traumatique, explorent depuis quelques années le champ de bataille de Waterloo, notamment les abords de la ferme Mont-Saint-Jean. Cet établissement a servi d’ambulance, c’est-à-dire d’hôpital militaire à la coalition alliée, et plus de 6000 soldats y furent opérés pendant 4 jours en juin 1815. Les investigations ont révélé une fosse contenant des membres humains amputés, correspondant à des jambes ou des bras et à plusieurs types de blessure et niveaux d’amputation. Ces restes humains étaient mêlés à de petites boîtes de munitions et à trois squelettes d’équidés déjà morts ou achevés sur place. Enfin, un squelette humain complet, de sexe masculin et âgé entre 20 et 39 ans, a été mis au jour. L’individu présente une large fracture circulaire témoignant d’un traumatisme crânien provoqué par un objet contondant sur le côté supéro-droit de la tête. Sa présence invite à s’interroger sur les considérations qui ont motivé un tel traitement du cadavre dans une fosse que l’on peut qualifier de dépotoir, alors que les victimes de la bataille ont été regroupées dans des sépultures multiples ou individuelles. L’ensemble de ces vestiges nous permettent d’aborder des questions liées à la médecine de guerre et à la gestion des hôpitaux de campagne à l’époque napoléonienne. Pour résumer, notre communication se propose d’exposer les résultats préliminaires des fouilles à la ferme Mont-Saint-Jean, de présenter le projet de recherche interdisciplinaire qui s’est constitué autour de ces découvertes, et de synthétiser les découvertes de restes humains sur le champ de bataille de Waterloo.

Apports des sciences médico-légales à la matérialisation du cadavre en contexte archéologique La position du squelette, son agencement avec le mobilier et l’architecture constituent une image statique à partir de laquelle on tente de restituer les gestes mis en œuvre par les contemporains du défunt. Toutefois, aborder le cadavre à partir du squelette est d’autant plus délicat que ce dernier a disparu. Le recours aux sciences médico-légales constitue alors une solution pour appréhender la matérialité du cadavre. Les données théoriques sur le processus de décomposition, les expérimentations réalisées dans une optique médico-légale ou archéothanatologique dans les Fermes des Corps, l’étude d’exhumations de sépultures récentes sont autant d’outils permettant de comprendre la décomposition du cadavre et son rôle dans l’image archéologique de la sépulture. L’objectif de cette communication est de présenter le processus de décomposition en contexte d’inhumation qui, jusque-là, n’a bénéficié que peu de travaux tant d’un point de vue théorique qu’expérimental, puis d’évaluer sa variabilité et l’ensemble des facteurs qui peuvent modifier son évolution. En effet, l’évolution taphonomique du cadavre est indissociable des modalités d’inhumation, mais aussi de l’environnement dans lequel celui-ci est inhumé. Enfin, l’application de ces données à des exemples archéologiques offre l’opportunité d’aborder l’impact du processus de décomposition dans la formation de l’image archéologique que nous mettons au jour que ce soit en termes de conservation osseuse que dans la perception archéologique que l’on peut avoir de la décomposition du cadavre.

Pipimorpha and its crown-group Pipidae possess one of the most extensive fossil records among anurans, which extends into the Early Cretaceous in both Laurasia and Gondwana. This is probably linked to the highly aquatic lifestyle of pipids, which is probably also characteristic of early pipimorphs. In South America, pipids are currently represented only by Pipa, but the fossil record documents an evolutionary radiation of Shelaniinae (a taxon endemic to South America) in the Cretaceous; shelaniines seem to have become extinct in the Eocene. Fewer pipimorph fossils are known from Africa. Our recent redescription of the mid-Late Cretaceous (Coniacian–Santonian) taxon Pachycentrata taqueti from In Becetèn (Niger) partly fills this gap. Our new phylogenetic analysis of Cretaceous and Paleogene pipimorphs shows that this taxon diversified in a West Gondwanan block until about the mid-Cretaceous, but after that, pipimorphs show two distinct evolutionary radiations, one in South America (Pipinae), and the other (Xenopodinae) in Africa. This pattern appears to reflect the breakup of West Gondwana simultaneously with the opening of the South Atlantic during the Cretaceous. This probable vicariant pattern yields slightly different ages for the South Atlantic opening depending on the accepted topology. The tree constrained to reflect the topology of extant taxa supported by molecular data shows a last dispersal between both continents before the Cenomanian (more than 100 Ma), whereas the unconstrained topology that reflects only morphological data is compatible with a more recent last faunal dispersal among pipids. Under this unconstrained topology, the fossil record is too poor to give a reliable minimal age for this last dispersal, but molecular dating analyses suggest that this event harks back to the Mesozoic.