Arthur Kocher, Luka Papac, Rodrigo Barquera, Felix Key, Maria Spyrou, Ron Hübler, Adam Rohrlach, Franziska Aron, Raphaela Stahl, Antje Wissgott, Florian Bömmel, Maria Pfefferkorn, Alissa Mittnik, Vanessa Villalba-Mouco, Gunnar Neumann, Maïté Rivollat, Marieke Loosdrecht, Kerttu Majander, Rezeda Tukhbatova, Lyazzat Musralina, Ayshin Ghalichi, Sandra Penske, Susanna Sabin, Megan Michel, Joscha Gretzinger, Elizabeth Nelson, Tiago Ferraz, Kathrin Nägele, Cody Parker, Marcel Keller, Evelyn Guevara, Michal Feldman, Stefanie Eisenmann, Eirini Skourtanioti, Karen Giffin, Guido Gnecchi-Ruscone, Susanne Friederich, Vittoria Schimmenti, Valery Khartanovich, Marina Karapetian, Mikhail Chaplygin, Vladimir Kufterin, Aleksandr Khokhlov, Andrey Chizhevsky, Dmitry Stashenkov, Anna Kochkina, Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez, Íñigo Lagrán, Héctor Arcusa-Magallón, Rafael Garrido-Pena, José Royo-Guillén, Jan Nováček, Stéphane Rottier, Sacha Kacki, Sylvie Saintot, Elena Kaverzneva, Andrej Belinskiy, Petr Velemínský, Petr Limburský, Michal Kostka, Louise Loe, Elizabeth Popescu, Rachel Clarke, Alice Lyons, Richard Mortimer, Antti Sajantila, Yadira Armas, Silvia Godoy, Diana Hernández-Zaragoza, Jessica Pearson, Didier Binder, Philippe Lefranc, Anatoly Kantorovich, Vladimir Maslov, Luca Lai, Magdalena Zoledziewska, Jessica Beckett, Michaela Langová, Alžběta Danielisová, Tara Ingman, Gabriel Atiénzar, Maria Ibáñez, Alejandro Romero, Alessandra Sperduti, Sophie Beckett, Susannah Salter, Emma Zilivinskaya, Dmitry Vasil’ev, Kristin Heyking, Richard Burger, Lucy Salazar, Luc Amkreutz, Masnav Navruzbekov, Eva Rosenstock, Carmen Alonso-Fernández, Vladimir Slavchev, Alexey Kalmykov, Biaslan Atabiev, Elena Batieva, Micaela Calmet, Bastien Llamas, Michael Schultz, Raiko Krauß, Javier Jiménez-Echevarría, Michael Francken, Svetlana Shnaider, Peter Knijff, Eveline Altena, Katrien Van de Vijver, Lars Fehren-Schmitz, Tiffiny Tung, Sandra Lösch, Maria Dobrovolskaya, Nikolaj Makarov, Chris Read, Melanie Twest, Claudia Sagona, Peter Ramsl, Murat Akar, K. Yener, Eduardo Ballestero, Francesco Cucca, Vittorio Mazzarello, Pilar Utrilla, Kurt Rademaker, Eva Fernández-Domínguez, Douglas Baird, Patrick Semal, Lourdes Márquez-Morfín, Mirjana Roksandic, Hubert Steiner, Domingo Salazar-García, Natalia Shishlina, Yilmaz Erdal, Fredrik Hallgren, Yavor Boyadzhiev, Kamen Boyadzhiev, Mario Küßner, Duncan Sayer, Päivi Onkamo, Robin Skeates, Manuel Rojo-Guerra, Alexandra Buzhilova, Elmira Khussainova, Leyla Djansugurova, Arman Beisenov, Zainolla Samashev, Ken Massy, Marcello Mannino, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Kristiina Mannermaa, Oleg Balanovsky, Marie-France Deguilloux, Sabine Reinhold, Svend Hansen, Egor Kitov, Miroslav Dobeš, Michal Ernée, Harald Meller, Kurt Alt, Kay Prüfer, Christina Warinner, Stephan Schiffels, Philipp Stockhammer, Kirsten Bos, Cosimo Posth, Alexander Herbig, Wolfgang Haak, Johannes Krause, and Denise Kühnert (2021)
Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution
Science, 374(6564):182-188.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections represent a worldwide human health concern. To study the history of this pathogen, Kocher et al. identified 137 human remains with detectable levels of virus dating between 400 and 10,000 years ago. Sequencing and analyses of these ancient viruses suggested a common ancestor between 12,000 and 20,000 years ago. There is no evidence indicating that HBV was present in the earliest humans as they spread out of Africa; however, HBV was likely present in human populations before farming. Furthermore, the virus was present in the Americas by about 9000 years ago, representing a lineage sister to the viral strains found in Eurasia that diverged about 20,000 years ago. —LMZ Genomic data from more than 100 individuals elucidates hepatitis B virus evolution in ancient Eurasians and Native American genomes. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between 10,500 and 400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between 20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for 4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic.
- DOI: 10.1126/science.abi5658 URL = https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abi5658
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