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Caecilians are predominantly burrowing, elongate, limbless amphibians that have been relatively poorly studied. Although it has been suggested that the sturdy and compact skulls of caecilians are an adaptation to their head-first burrowing habits, no clear relationship between skull shape and burrowing performance appears to exist. However, the external forces encountered during burrowing are transmitted by the skull to the vertebral column, and, as such, may impact vertebral shape. Additionally, the muscles that generate the burrowing forces attach onto the vertebral column and consequently may impact vertebral shape that way as well. Here, we explored the relationships between vertebral shape and maximal in vivo push forces in 13 species of caecilian amphibians. Our results show that the shape of the two most anterior vertebrae, as well as the shape of the vertebrae at 90% of the total body length, is not correlated with peak push forces. Conversely, the shape of the third vertebrae, and the vertebrae at 20% and 60% of the total body length, does show a relationship to push forces measured in vivo. Whether these relationships are indirect (external forces constraining shape variation) or direct (muscle forces constraining shape variation) remains unclear and will require quantitative studies of the axial musculature. Importantly, our data suggest that mid-body vertebrae may potentially be used as proxies to infer burrowing capacity in fossil representatives.

The common non-marine ostracod Cypridopsis vidua (O.F. Müller, 1776) is used as a proxy in various biological disciplines, such as (palaeo-)ecology, evolutionary biology, ecotoxicology and parasitology. This morphospecies was considered to be an obligate parthenogen. We report on the discovery of the first population of C. vidua with males from Woods Hole (MA, USA) and determine that it is a population with mixed reproduction. We describe the morphology of the males and of the sexual and asexual females. We illustrate a copula of a male and a sexual female as well insemination in a sexual female, showing that males are functional. Therefore, Cypridopsis vidua is a morphospecies with mixed reproduction, not a full apomictic parthenogen. We use, for the first time, polychromatic polarization microscope technology to illustrate soft parts of ostracods. In addition, we compare the sexual species C. bisexualis, C. okeechobei, C. howei and C. schwartzi and conclude that these species, especially the latter three, are morphologically very close to C. vidua.

Abstract Connus depuis le XIXe siècle, les sables du Miocène Moyen de la région de Beaugency, Tavers et Le Bardon ont fourni des restes de grands mammifères tels que des Rhinocerotidae et des Proboscidea. Ces gisements n'ont été que sporadiquement étudiés et rapprochés temporellement de l'Orléanien supérieur (biozone MN5, c. Burdigalien terminal-Langhien). Cependant, aucune étude globale de ces gisements, couplant données géologiques et paléontologiques, n'a été réalisée. De 2022 à 2023, une campagne de collecte de données a été lancée sur le terrain (cadre structural et taphonomie) ainsi que dans les collections de paléontologie. La série géologique comprend la Formation du calcaire de Beauce (Oligocène-Aquitanien; Gigout 1974), la Formation des sables et marnes de l'Orléanais (FSMO) du Miocène Moyen (Orléanien supérieur, MN5, c. Burdigalien terminal-Langhien) ainsi qu'un placage de formations superficielles (alluvions, colluvions et limons des plateaux) du Quaternaire-Actuel. La compréhension de l'agencement géométrique des buttes-témoins des sables miocènes fait ressortir un découpage tectonique en blocs, postérieur au dépôt. Deux assemblages de vertébrés fossiles apparaissent dans cette étude: 1) la rare présence de mammifères oligocènes Ronzotherium romani Kretzoi, 1940 et Palaeogale minuta (Gervais, 1848) (remaniés dans la FSMO); et 2) un assemblage de vertébrés continentaux orléaniens (en place dans la FSMO) composé de 66 taxons de vertébrés et de 16 taxons d'invertébrés formant une association typique de la biozone MN5 (Orléanien supérieur, c. Burdigalien terminal-Langhien). Certains taxons sont représentés par des spécimens très bien préservés, comme en témoignent pour les tortues, le crâne de Chelydropsis aff. sansaniensis (Bergounioux, 1935) et la carapace de Mauremys aff. pygolopha (Peters, 1869), et pour les mammifères, les crânes du castor Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908 et du cheval Anchitherium aurelianense (Cuvier, 1825). La description de Mollusca euryhalins permet une meilleure compréhension de la position stratigraphique de la FSMO au moment du maximum de la transgression langhienne. Le cortège de grands mammifères des gisements de Beaugency, Tavers et Le Bardon, est l'un des plus diversifiés d'Europe. Cette faune s'intègre parfaitement dans le paysage européen dans lequel un gradient de similarité des faunes est observé d'est en ouest. Bien que les Rodentia soient très peu représentés dans les localités de la vallée de la Loire, les grands mammifères, notamment par la présence la plus septentrionale des Rhinocerotidae Hispanotherium matritense (de Prado, 1864) et Iberotherium rexmanueli (Antunes & Ginsburg, 1983), montrent une forte affinité avec ceux de la région ibérique. De par ses conditions géologiques régionales, sa diversité fossilifère exceptionnelle, la qualité de ses fossiles et son calage stratigraphique précis, cet ensemble cohérent de sites paléontologiques mérite de rentrer dans la liste nationale des sites géologiques patrimoniaux à conserver. Revision of sedimentological and biostratigraphic data from vertebrate deposits in the “Orléanais sands”, at Beaugency, Tavers and Le Bardon (Middle Miocene; Loiret, France). We present a review of sedimentological, biostratigraphic, and structural data from the vertebrate sites of the Sables de l'Orléanais (Orléans sands Formation) in Beaugency, Tavers, and Le Bardon outcrops (Middle Miocene; Loiret, France). Known since the 19th century, the Middle Miocene sands of the Beaugency, Tavers, and Le Bardon region have yielded remains of large mammals such as Rhinocerotidae and Proboscidea. These deposits have only been sporadically studied and temporally correlated with the upper Orleanian (biozone MN5, c. late Burdigalian-Langhian). However, a comprehensive study of these deposits, integrating geological and paleontological data, has yet to be conducted. Between 2022 and 2023, a data recovery campaign was launched in the field (structural context and taphonomy) and in the collections (paleontology). The geological series include the “Formation du calcaire de Beauce” (Oligocene–Aquitanian; Gigout 1974), the “Formation des sables et marnes de l'Orléanais” (FSMO) from the Middle Miocene (Orleanian, MN5, c. late Burdigalian-Langhian) as well as any surface formations (alluvium, colluvium and plateau silts) from the Quaternary. The understanding of the geometric arrangement of the Cenozoic formations highlights a tectonic division into blocks subsequent to the sedimentation. Two assemblages of fossil vertebrates are presented in this study: 1) the rare presence of Oligocene mammals Ronzotherium romani Kretzoi, 1940 and Palaeogale minuta (Gervais, 1848) (reworked in the FSMO); and 2) the assemblage of Orleanian (in situ in the FSMO) is composed of 66 taxa of vertebrates and 16 taxa of invertebrates typical of the MN5 biozone (Orleanian, c. late Burdigalian-Langhian). Some taxa are represented by well-preserved specimens, as evidenced by the skull of Chelydropsis aff. sansaniensis (Bergounioux, 1935) and the carapace of Mauremys aff. pygolopha (Peters, 1869), respectively, the skulls of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908, and of the horse Anchitherium aurelianense (Cuvier, 1825) (coll. BG). The occurrence of tropical euryhaline molluscs allows a better understanding of the stratigraphic position of the FSMO during the maximum of the Langhian transgression, corresponding to the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. The faunas of Beaugency, Tavers, and Le Bardon comprise the most diverse large mammal faunas in Europe that seamlessly fit into the European landscape where a gradient of faunal similarity is observed from East to West, as shown by the Dice similarity index. Although rodents are sparsely represented in the localities of the Loire Valley, large mammals, particularly evidenced by the northernmost presence of the rhinocerotids Hispanotherium matritense (de Prado, 1864) and Iberotherium rexmanueli (Antunes & Ginsburg, 1983), exhibit a strong affinity with the Iberian region. Due to its regional geological conditions, exceptional fossiliferous diversity, quality of its fossils, and precise stratigraphic calibration, this coherent set of palaeontological sites deserves to be included in the French national list of geological heritage sites to be preserved.

This study aims to understand (mainly qualitatively) the long-term role of human impact on avulsion processes and the development of fluvial (mega-) fans in semi-arid environments. In this paper we refer to human impact as the direct influences of actions on the river's hydraulics (i.e. flow regulation, flow diversion and channel engineering). In five case-studies drawn from the Khuzestan plains in southwest Iran we have analysed the setup and triggering conditions of specific avulsions that occurred in the past (timescale of millennia) and identified the role of human interference in their causation. Our analysis is based on the integration of historical, archaeological, geomorphological and geological data. Through this study we demonstrate that avulsions in the Khuzestan plains are the result of long-term and complex interplay between multiple human-induced and natural causes. In similar ways human-induced actions may play important roles during different phases of avulsion development. The ‘success‘ of an avulsion in the post-triggering phase may be defined by human-induced setup causes as well as morphodynamic processes. We suggest that present-day flood events may be partly inherited from long-term human alterations of the natural processes. These finding could have implications for any fluvial system (e.g. distributive fluvial systems, deltas) where avulsion plays a major role in their development and research tends to emphasize on natural mechanisms.

Coastal management and maritime safety strongly rely on accurate representations of the sea state. Both dynamical models and observations provide abundant pieces of information. However, none of them provides the complete picture. The assimilation of observations into models is one way to improve our knowledge of the ocean state. Its application in coastal models remains challenging because of the wide range of temporal and spatial variabilities of the processes involved. This study investigates the assimilation of temperature profiles with the ensemble Kalman filter in 3-D North Sea simulations. The model error is represented by the standard deviation of an ensemble of model states. Parameters’ values for the ensemble generation are first computed from the misfit between the data and the model results without assimilation. Then, two square root algorithms are applied to assimilate the data. The impact of data assimilation on the simulated temperature is assessed. Results show that the ensemble Kalman filter is adequate for improving temperature forecasts in coastal areas, under adequate model error specification.

Abstract Around 1965 a meteorite was found in the Hautes Fagnes region in eastern Belgium. It was made available for scientific investigation in 2007. The meteorite specimen has a mass of 185 g and a density of 3.56 g/cm(3). It is light grey with darker angular fragments, and a thin fusion crust. It contains specks of metal of submillimetre size that show little weathering. Submillimetre sized chondrules with blurred outlines make up ca. 40 % of the specimen, and consist mainly of olivine and orthopyroxene. Troilite, kamacite and taenite were found in the chondrules and in the matrix. Native copper was identified at the contact of troilite and iron-nickel grains. Minor minerals in the matrix include albitic plagioclase, clinopyroxene, chromite, and chlorapatite. The average molar fayalite content of olivine was estimated at 29.37 %, and the ferrosilite content of orthopyroxene was estimated at 23.75 %. Bulk chemical analysis with ICP-OES was carried out (I) after fusion with LiBO2 and (2) after microwave digestion in strong acids. The meteorite is distinctly magnetic, with a mass specific magnetic susceptibility logX of 3.83: This meteorite can be classified as a LL ordinary chondrite of petrologic type 5, and of shock classification stage S1 (unshocked).