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The Paleogene Period can be considered the cradle of modern marine and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. Krug et al., 2009; Field et al,. 2018). After global catastrophe at the K-Pg boundary, life recovered and repopulated marine and terrestrial ecosystems (Vellekoop et al., 2017; Lowery et al., 2018; Lowery et al., 2019; Vellekoop et al., 2020), eventually heralding the establishment of the rich and diverse modern marine and terrestrial ecosystems (Krug et al., 2009; Field et al., 2018). It has been suggested the crucial biotic evolution and overturn during the Paleogene was at least partly driven by the climatic evolution across this time interval (e.g. Widlansky et al., 2021). For example, the PETM (56 Ma) likely was key in reshaping the biosphere (Smith et al., 2020). During this hyperthermal, the first representatives of modern mammal orders (e.g., primates, artiodactyls, perissodactyls) suddenly spread over all northern continents, while marine ecosystems are characterized by marked extinctions, radiations and migrations (Gibbs et al., 2012; Speijer et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the evolutionary importance of other warming pulses (e.g., Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 or ETM-2) or the gradual climate trends towards the EECO remains unclear for most fossil groups. For northwestern Europe, terrestrial faunas appear to have been almost consistently in a dynamic state across this time interval, strongly influenced by dispersal events. In contrast to the PETM, the exact timing and paleogeographic conditions remain poorly constrained for post-PETM warming pulses, as only tentative chronological correlation with the Paleogene global temperature curves are established. Therefore, we have initiated a new collaborative project, aimed at creating (1) a better chronostratigraphic framework of Paleogene bioevents among vertebrates, by detailed study of marine and terrestrial strata containing, or interfingering with, vertebrate-rich beds in NW Europe, and (2) generating a better understanding the role of climate change on biotic evolution and overturns during the Early Paleogene, from both a marine and terrestrial perspective.

The Quercy Phosphorites are a set of Eocene-Oligocene deposits from South-West France that yielded numerous vertebrate fossils, including amphibians, mostly as isolated bones. However, in 1873, several exceptional amphibian specimens were discovered, with the external surface of the unmineralized tissues preserved, and were commonly referred as “mummies”. In the 19th century, they were described without any knowledge of their internal anatomy. Since 2012, we have started scanning these “mummies”, revealing the preserved internal soft tissues and articulated skeleton. A first specimen was attributed in 2013 to Thaumastosaurus gezei and we here present our results from the tomography of a second “mummified” anuran, previously identified as Bufo servatus. The tomography showed a preserved articulated skeleton, and its osteological characteristics are similar to the first scanned anuran “mummy”, representing different ontogenetic stages. Both are now both attributed to Thaumastosaurus servatus nov. comb. The new anatomical information is used to assess the affinities of T. servatus, which appears to belong to the Pyxicephalidae, an African anuran clade. Thaumastosaurus thus represents both the oldest occurrence of this clade in the fossil record and its first occurrence outside of Africa. Its presence in Europe highlights a faunistic exchange with Africa during the Eocene, also documented for several clade of squamates. The presence of this African herpetofauna in Europe might be linked to the warmer climate during the Eocene. However, most of this herpetofauna, including Thaumastosaurus, disappeared from the region around an extinction event (named the “Grande Coupure”) that took place around the Eocene/Oligocene transition (~34 Ma).

Extreme-wave events (tsunamis, storm surge and waves) pose significant hazards to coastal communities worldwide. Onshore deposits from these events significantly enhance our understanding of their long-term frequency-magnitude patterns, which are usually not covered by historical and instrumental documentation. Such perspectives are crucial for successful coastal hazard assessments and consequential efforts to mitigate against the loss of life and assets. Methods enabling reliable and consistent differentiation between the sedimentary evidence for tsunamis and storms remain elusive as deposits from both processes share a number of sedimentary criteria. Microfossil approaches (foraminifera, ostracods, diatoms) have yielded promising progress towards conclusive identification (PILARCZYK et al., 2014), however dissolution and bacterial degradation of carbonate tests often prevent microfossil identification. To address this issue in a pioneering project kicked-off in late 2017, we aim at using high-throughput, metagenomic sequencing techniques to identify marine organisms in onshore sand layers from their DNA remains and to unravel cryptic diversities. We focus on foraminifera, single-celled protists, which show depth-related zonation in subtidal environments and have already been traced successfully in palaeo-tsunami deposits by their ancient DNA (SZCZUCIŃSKI et al., 2016), and compare classic and molecular methods for their identification. Three objectives will be followed to reach this goal: 1. Quantify the relationship between water depth and the distribution of different species of foraminifera using both classic assemblage methods and metagenomic approaches. 2. Assess the potential for identifying key indicator species in extreme-wave deposits in different climate settings based on both assemblage approaches and metagenomic high-throughput sequencing techniques; 3. Establish how metagenomic approaches contribute to consistent and reliable differentiation between the sedimentary evidence for storms and tsunamis in coastal settings. The three key field areas, which share an abundance of published, well-dated evidence for both storms and tsunamis, comprise the Shetland Islands, south central Japan, and southern Chile. The Shetland Islands have a temperate oceanic climate, and near-shore lakes and coastal peat lowlands feature sand sheets deposited by the submarine Storegga landslide around 8 ka years ago and a younger tsunami dated to 1.5 ka (e.g. BONDEVIK et al., 2005). Extreme-wave deposits from south central Japan, underlying a subtropical climate, are available through the ongoing BELSPO BRAIN-be-funded QuakeRecNankai project, focusing on records of past earthquakes and tsunamis along the Nankai Trough (GARRETT et al., 2016). At temperate-humid Chaihuin, southern Chile, deposits of the 1960 Chile tsunami and several older events have been documented (HOCKING & GARRETT, 2016) and sampled for identification of foraminiferal assemblages based on DNA remains. REFERENCES BONDEVIK, S., MANGERUD, J., DAWSON, S., DAWSON, A. & LOHNE, Ø. 2005. Evidence for three North Sea tsunamis at the Shetland Islands between 8000 and 1500 years ago. — Quaternary Science Reviews, 24: 1757–1775. GARRETT, E., FUJIWARA, O., GARRETT, P., HEYVAERT, V.M.A., SHISHIKURA, M., YOKOYAMA, Y., HUBERT-FERRARI, A., BRÜCKNER, H., NAKAMURA, A., DE BATIST, M. & THE QUAKERECNANKAI TEAM. 2016. A systematic review of geological evidence for Holocene earthquakes and tsunamis along the Nankai-Suruga Trough, Japan. — Earth-Science Reviews, 159: 337–357. HOCKING, E. & GARRETT, E. 2016. Geological records of recent and historical ruptures of the Chilean subduction zone: a latitudinal transect of earthquake deformation and tsunami inundation. — Geophysical Research Abstracts, 18: EGU2016-938. PILARCZYK, J.E., DURA, T., HORTON, B.P., ENGELHART, S.E., KEMP, A.C. & SAWAI, Y. 2016. Microfossils from coastal environments as indicators of paleo-earthquakes, tsunamis and storms. — Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 413: 144–157. SZCZUCIŃSKI, W., PAWŁOWSKA, J., LEJZEROWICZ, F., NISHIMURA, Y., KOKOCIŃSKI, M., MAJEWSKI, W., NAKAMURA, Y. & PAWLOWSKI, J. 2016. Ancient sedimentary DNA reveals past tsunami deposits. — Marine Geology, 381: 29–33.