Anthropogenic climate change represents a major threat to biodiversity as well as to human well-being. Humanity’s response is to (attempt to) develop and implement mitigation strategies that minimise the speed and eventual level of climate change. Prominent among these is the United Nations scheme known as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation, REDD+, which focusses on developing countries (including the DRC). The UN-REDD+ strategy aims at protecting and enhancing biosphere carbon stocks, by conserving tropical rainforest systems, as a means to mitigate global climate change. Biodiversity is generally described as a potential ‘co-benefit’ of forest carbon sequestration, but components of forest biodiversity may overlap to different degrees, trade off with, or be largely independent from those that intervene in carbon storage potential. The spatial congruence of biodiversity and carbon stocks has recently become an upcoming issue in science. In general, biodiversity is positively (but rather weakly) associated with ecosystem carbon, but the association is geographically variable, and even reverses in some regions. This lack of consistent relationships can be attributed to the fact that recent ecosystem mapping analyses are performed at large scales, using only species richness as an indicator for biodiversity. Understanding the relationship between carbon stock and biodiversity is needed to maximize the UN-REDD+ gains, to better address the risks of UN-REDD+ programs, and to avoid substantial biodiversity loss. This study will focus on the local scale relation of carbon stock and biodiversity expressed in multiple diversity parameters over a range of taxa. We will use data from the first multi-taxon inventory in the central Congo basin conducted in the framework of the COBIMFO project (Congo basin integrated monitoring for forest carbon mitigation and biodiversity). The project started in 2010 and measured carbon as well as the diversity of 9 different taxa (eumycetozoa, lichens, trees, fungi, diptera, ants, termites, birds and mammals) in the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve. The sampling and species identification is still ongoing. The first objective of this project is to select a set of parameters that can be calculated for each taxon, and that can be normalised so as to be comparable between taxa. We will assess biotic parameters that describe compositional and functional components of the sampled communities. Secondly, we will investigate the relationship between carbon and biodiversity at both the level of the COBIMFO study plots and across the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve as a whole. The chosen parameters will be calculated for each taxon for each site where the taxon was sampled. For each biodiversity parameter, a generalized linear mixed effects model will be fitted to model biodiversity as a function of carbon. As area-wide data on carbon and biodiversity are not readily available, we will generate area-wide predictions of carbon and biodiversity using BIOMOD, an R-based ensemble modelling framework that simultaneously runs up to 10 different Ecological Niche Modelling techniques, based on the carbon and biodiversity data obtained from the COBIMFO study plots. These extrapolated data will then be used to evaluate the spatial distribution of, and relationships between, carbon and biodiversity on a regional scale. Here we will present the preliminary results of the statistical analysis using taxa and biodiversity parameters for which sufficient data will be available. As a result, we will increase our understanding on the implications of carbon conservation on biodiversity. Furthermore, although we do not aim at identifying the complex mechanisms driving the carbon - biodiversity relation, our fine-scale analysis will promote insight in the underlying ecological drivers.
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The Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences(RBINS) holds a collections of well over 7000 Cretaceous fossils that were collected by the RBINS staff in the early 1930ies during the construction of several coal mine shafts in the eastern part of the Belgian Campine Basin. These fossils include ammonites, nautilids, belemnites, bivalves (inoceramids and other), gastropods, crustaceans, brachiopods, echinoderms and other. The majority of the material is from mine shafts 1 and 2 of the Houthalen and Zolder mines, in-between 400 and 600 m below surface. Both mines are located in the eastern part of the Campine Basin. Since their discovery, the majority of this material has never been thoroughly studied and published. Detailed listings of the fauna and an overview in relation to the stratigraphy are absent. In the 1930ies, by the varying amounts of glauconite, chalk, sand, sandstone and the ‘Gyrolithes’ ichnofossils, the sediments between 400 and 600 m depth were interpreted as belonging to the ‘Smectite de Herve’ facies. Therefore, early students referred to fossils from this locality as Campanian in age, while more recent studies and ongoing work document Santonian to Maastrichtian ages with (from bottom to top) the Asdonk and Sonnisheide Members (Vaals Formation), the Zeven Wegen, Beutenaken Marl, Beutenaken Chalk, Vijlen and Lixhe Members (Gulpen Formation). The CRETACAM project aims for fully documenting the lithological, stratigraphical, paleontological and paleo- ecological changes in the Santonian to Maastrichtian sequence of the eastern part of the Campine Basin. In a first step, all locality information of all 7000 specimens was digitalized. In a second and ongoing step, the taxonomy of all specimens will be revised by an international team of paleontologists.
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