In the past, the dog whelk Nucella lapillus (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Muricidae) used to be a common species on jetties and groynes along the Belgian coast. During the seventies, the species became increasingly rare and the last Belgian specimen observed in situ was found in 1981. The extinction of the species is attributed to the use of paintings containing tributyltin (TBT) on the hulls of ships as antifouling protection. TBT dilutes in seawater and, even at extremely low concentration, sterilizes dog whelks. Since 1990, the use of Tributyltin (TBT) was restricted to ships smaller than 25 m; in 2003, it was totally forbidden and in 2008 old TBT paintings had to be removed from ship hulls. As a consequence the concentration in TBT of seawater presumably decreased in Belgian waters. On November 17th, 2012, several living adult dog whelks and 40 to 50 spawns ofthat species were observed on the concrete blocks of the western jetty of Zeebrugge harbour, indicating recolonization of the species in Belgium at least in one locality.
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