tIn Becetèn, in southeast Niger, is one of the few mid-Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) fossil-iferous localities in Africa where multiple anuran taxa are known. Two of them, Pachycentrata taquetiand Inbecetenanura ragei, have been described from In Becetèn. Both are pipids, a clade composed ofexclusively aquatic anurans. Beside these two pipids, numerous isolated bones have also been referredto anurans within the site, but never referred to any known less inclusive taxa. Here we describe severalidentified cranial and postcranial bones referable to Pipidae or its stem-group, which together constitutePipimorpha. Among these elements, three cranial elements are referred to two unnamed pipimorphs.One of these has gondwanomorph affinities (pipids + South American and African extinct pipimorphs).These conclusions are supported by our phylogenetic analyses. Numerous postcranial elements are notreferable to any of the four pipimorph taxa identified at In Becetèn, although some ilia might be tenta-tively referred to ?Pachycentrata sp. The presence of at least four distinct anuran taxa makes In Becetènthe most diverse anuran site in Mesozoic Africa. It is also the first site in the Mesozoic where four pipi-morph taxa are identified. The dominance of pipimorphs in the anuran diversity of the site suggests thatIn Becetèn was likely more lacustrine than previously thought.
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In this article, we describe the faunal remains found in a 15th-/first half-16th-century deposit from the kitchen of Park Abbey, a Norbertine abbey that owned large farms and estates since the 12th century. The bone material, combined with information from the abbey’s archives allows documenting the provisioning of animal food. Except for the marine fish, that was bought at the markets of Leuven and Mechelen, all food was obtained from the abbey itself or from the farms on its territory. Small game, i.e. hare and rabbit, captured in the warrant the abbey owned, was only occasionally served. As for poultry, chicken, goose, duck and pigeon were found among the food waste, species that, according to the historical accounts, were kept for some time in the kitchen in braided bird cages or baskets before being slaughtered there. Where the slaughtering of the traditional domestic animals (cattle, sheep and pigs) took place is not so clear and their exact origin is not known either but the abbey owned several farms where animal husbandry was practised. As might be expected at an abbey site, the proportion of fish is very high and, unlike urban or most noble contexts in Flanders, freshwater fish strongly predominated. This can be explained by the exploitation of ponds in which different species were kept, judging from the accounts in the archives. Curiously, only remains of carp were found in the kitchen and not of the other species mentioned in the accounts such as bream or other Cyprinidae described as ‘whitefish’ such as roach, rudd or bleak. Pike, described as a more expensive fish that was sometimes specially bought for the abbot, is also completely absent. However, all these species were found in Ename Abbey. Archaeozoological and historical information from French and British sites, for example, also illustrate the importance of these species. For marine fishes, there is good agreement between the relative importance of the species in the archaeozoological material, the number of times those fishes were mentioned in the accounts and the total cost spent on them. Thus, the high proportion of cod in the food waste is striking, and the importance of this group is also evident from the accounts in which stockfish, abberdaan and fresh cod account for about 80% of expenditure on marine fish. The bone material from the kitchen contains no traces of stockfish, and there is apparently also relatively little fresh cod (the smaller specimens from the southern North Sea). Most cod remains appear to be from abberdaan, the salted form that was traded whole, with head, as opposed to dried stockfish without head. Poultry was apparently not considered meat in monasteries, but the fact that quite a lot of mammalian remains were found in the food waste of Park Abbey shows that the abstinence of meat was not very strict and that Augustine’s rule was apparently interpreted quite moderately. What is noticeable, however, is that both the cattle and sheep remains contain a lot of bone material from body parts that are not very fleshy (phalanges and cannon bones, respectively) and may have served rather for cooking a soup or broth. Skeletal elements of body parts with a lot of meat on them are less common.
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