The youngest time interval of the Cretaceous is known as the Maastrichtian Age, a reference to the strata exposed in the area surrounding the city of Maastricht, in the Netherlands-Belgium border region (Jagt 2001). The stratigraphic succession at the original type-locality of the Maastrichtian (adjacent to the former ENCI quarry, south of Maastricht) only covers the upper part of the Maastrichtian Stage as defined nowadays. However, recent integrated bio- and chemostratigraphic revision by Vellekoop et al. (2022) has shown that in combination with similar lithological sequences at other quarries in the region (e. g., Hallembaye, Curfs), a substantial part of the Maastrichtian Stage is represented. Over the past centuries, the type-Maastrichtian strata have provided a wealth of paleontological data. Despite its importance to the global geological community, most of the quarries in the region have been closed over the last decades. Instrumental quarries such as that of Curfs have already been out of commission for more than a decade, while others, such as the ENCI quarry, were recently closed. Because the soft limestone rocks weather easily and become overgrown rapidly, access to and study of the Maastrichtian rock succession in its type area is becoming very limited. To preserve the geological heritage of this original type-locality of the Maastrichtian, in 2018 we initiated the ‘Maastrichtian Geoheritage Project’. The goal of this project is to preserve the geological heritage of the Maastrichtian type area by (1) digital imagery, using drone photogrammetry and Differential GPS Base & Rover to generate high-resolution and georeferenced 3D models of the most important quarries in the Maastrichtian type region; and (2) archiving rock samples of these quarries for future research. Over the past years, we collected high-resolution (5 cm spacing) reference sample sets from the Hallembaye (2018) and ENCI (2019) quarries, and generated detailed geo-referenced 3D models for both quarries. For the next few years, several other instrumental quarries will be targeted. The acquired sample sets have already spurred a range of stratigraphic, geochemical and paleontological studies (e.g. Vellekoop et al. 2022), including detailed profiles of carbon isotope data and major and trace element concentrations, and many more to come. Moreover, the Maastrichtian Geoheritage Project sample sets will be made available for collaboration with other researchers in the field. Jagt, J.W.M., 2001. The historical stratotype of the Maastrichtian: A review. In: Odin, G.S. (Ed.), The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary, pp. 711–722. Elsevier Science B.V. Vellekoop, J. et al. 2022. A new age model and chemostratigraphic framework for the Maastrichtian type area (southeastern Netherlands, northeastern Belgium). Newsletters on Stratigraphy [accepted]
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The Paleogene Period can be considered the cradle of modern marine and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. Krug et al., 2009; Field et al,. 2018). After global catastrophe at the K-Pg boundary, life recovered and repopulated marine and terrestrial ecosystems (Vellekoop et al., 2017; Lowery et al., 2018; Lowery et al., 2019; Vellekoop et al., 2020), eventually heralding the establishment of the rich and diverse modern marine and terrestrial ecosystems (Krug et al., 2009; Field et al., 2018). It has been suggested the crucial biotic evolution and overturn during the Paleogene was at least partly driven by the climatic evolution across this time interval (e.g. Widlansky et al., 2021). For example, the PETM (56 Ma) likely was key in reshaping the biosphere (Smith et al., 2020). During this hyperthermal, the first representatives of modern mammal orders (e.g., primates, artiodactyls, perissodactyls) suddenly spread over all northern continents, while marine ecosystems are characterized by marked extinctions, radiations and migrations (Gibbs et al., 2012; Speijer et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the evolutionary importance of other warming pulses (e.g., Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 or ETM-2) or the gradual climate trends towards the EECO remains unclear for most fossil groups. For northwestern Europe, terrestrial faunas appear to have been almost consistently in a dynamic state across this time interval, strongly influenced by dispersal events. In contrast to the PETM, the exact timing and paleogeographic conditions remain poorly constrained for post-PETM warming pulses, as only tentative chronological correlation with the Paleogene global temperature curves are established. Therefore, we have initiated a new collaborative project, aimed at creating (1) a better chronostratigraphic framework of Paleogene bioevents among vertebrates, by detailed study of marine and terrestrial strata containing, or interfingering with, vertebrate-rich beds in NW Europe, and (2) generating a better understanding the role of climate change on biotic evolution and overturns during the Early Paleogene, from both a marine and terrestrial perspective.
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