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Analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences hitherto failed to resolve the three morphospecies of the so-called Ceratitis “FAR complex” (C. fasciventris, C. anonae, C. rosa). Therefore, we developed a set of microsatellite markers for a first population genetic survey of this species complex. Specimens of C. fasciventris, C. anonae, and C. rosa (27 populations, n=621) collected across their respective distribution ranges were genotyped at 16 polymorphic microsats. Genetic distance analyses distinguished at least five bootstrap supported population groups, each including samples from one of the three morphospecies. The Bayesian assignments implemented in STRUCTURE show that (1) C. rosa is represented by at least two clusters of individuals (R1, R2) that can occur in sympatry/parapatry, but that may have different developmental thresholds, (2) C. fasciventris is represented by at least two, geographically separated, clusters (F1, F2), and (3) C. anonae is genetically more homogeneous and doesn’t show a clear intraspecific structuring (cluster A). The differentiation of the C. rosa and C. fasciventris clusters is supported by morphological differences in the male secondary sexual characters. Genetic divergences between the C. rosa clusters and between the C. fasciventris clusters are comparable to the interspecific divergences among C. fasciventris, C. anonae, and C. rosa. Higher genetic distances were observed between the morphologically similar C. rosa and C. fasciventris, while C. anonae appears as closely related to both F1 and R2. The microsats used in this study thus unmasked a complex, and partly cryptic, population genetic structure within the FAR morphospecies. Keywords: Tephritidae, population genetics, microsats

Due to climate change and new political reasons to use more sustainable energy forms (turning away from nuclear, coal and other non-renewable resources), alternative energy sources are needed. Therefore, the geothermal energy sector can become one of the important energy resources in the future. Geothermal energy (heat) is CO2-neutral, quasi-inexhaustible and available decentrally at any time and almost everywhere. The exploitation of deep geo-thermal resources for producing electricity is an important component for creating innovative and renewable energy systems, but the use of shallow (focus: up to 400 metres depth) and even very shallow (focus: up to 10 metres depth) geothermal potentials is also significant, e.g. for sustainable heating and cooling of residential and industrial buildings, etc. Furthermore in Europe, the installation and operation of very shallow heat collector systems is not as restricted by national and regional legislation as for deeper systems. Compared with the well-researched and already implemented solar, wind and hydropower domains, less research has been done into the of very shallow geothermal energy potential at the European level.

Human excrements and garbage pits of two archaeological sites in the County of Hainaut (Southern Low Countries, Belgium) have been studied by the interdisciplinary team “Archaeo sciences” of the RBINS. Stone walled latrines dating from the 14th century have been uncovered at the site of Chièvres, while several garbage pits dating from the 12th to the 16th century were excavated at the site of “rue des Bouchers-Saint Jacques” in the city of Tournai. We are presenting the 14th century composition of the waste contexts for the two sites and a diachronic composition’s evolution for the garbage pits of “rue des Bouchers-Saint Jacques”. Archaeobotanical (seeds and fruit, wood and wood charcoal, pollen, spores and NPPs) and archaeozoological studies show that, in the majority, they contain digested food residues, food scraps and also some scarce remains of other non-food residues. The most common taxa found are vegetables, condiments, wild and/or cultivated fruits, cereals, fish and mammal remains. But if we look more closely, some cesspits contain outstanding elements such as honey (the first mention in Wallonia for the medieval period), waste of cereal processing that may have been used for the sanitation of such structures. This paper aims at: 1 / highlighting late Medieval period human food intake of the Southern Low Countries 2 / comparing data between two 14th century waste contexts and finally, 3 / showing differences in pit fillings, indicating different structure maintenance and/or different social status.

In February 1971, a meteorite fell on the roof of a barn belonging to Mr. E. Schmitz in Tintigny, a village in southern Belgium. Upon its recovery, its meteoritic origin was confirmed by the schoolteacher, Mr. A. Rossignon who then looked after the sample. In 2017, for the first time, the meteorite was given to specialists for a detailed examina-tion and classification. We used various analytical techniques to characterize its mineralogy, elemental, and isotopic composition. Based on the obtained data, we classified it as a polymict eucrite, a meteorite originating from 4 Vesta, and named it Tintigny [1]. Tintigny is partly covered by shiny black fusion crust. Its interior mainly exhibits a light grey color and shows a brecciated texture composed of a fine-grained matrix, hosting darker crystals and cm-sized dark grey clasts. Under the microscope, a brecciated sub-ophitic basaltic texture mainly composed of plagioclase/maskelynite and clinopy-roxene is dominant. In addition to the dominant sub-ophitic texture, at least three distinct textures exposed in clasts are observable. At least two generations of shock effects (such as fractures), are present in the sample: those limited to clasts and large crystals, and those that crosscut both the large grains and the matrix. The accessory minerals include troilite, ilmenite, chromite, FeNi metal, and silica. Mineral chemistry calculations of pyroxene end-members show ranges from 8.5 to 60.7 mol% for enstatite, 30.1–70.0 mol% for ferrosilite, and 2.6–38.4 mol% for wollastonite. Based on these values, most pyroxenes in Tintigny are pigeonite and augite [2]. The Fe/Mn ratios of pyroxenes range from 27.1 to 39.3, with the highest ratio observed in pyroxene from the symplectitic clast. Fe/Mn and Fe/Mg ratios in low-Ca pyroxene (Wo<10) are 30.2±4.4 and 0.8±0.3, respectively. These ratios in high-Ca pyroxene (n=8) are 34.3±3.7 for Fe/Mn and 2.6±2.4 for Fe/Mg. The average pyroxene Fe/Mn ratio for all pyroxene is 32.5±4.4 (SD, n=14). Fe/Mg ranges from 0.6 to 8.2, with an average value of 1.8±2.0 (SD, n±14). Considering pyroxene Fe/Mn ranges of 40±11, 62±18, 32±6, and 30±2 for basaltic rocks from the Earth, Moon, Mars, and 4 Vesta (eucrites), respectively, and based on our data, particularly those of low-Ca py-roxene, Tintigny falls in the range of basaltic eucrites [3]. The bulk rock Fe/Mn and Fe/Mg ratios of Tintigny are 33.9 and 3.1, respectively. These values overlap with those measured for howardite-eucrite-diogenite (HED) and martian meteorites [4]. With a Ga/Al ratio of 4.17×10-5, Tintigny falls within the range of those of eucrites. Using the CI-normalized elemental concentration, we can see strong simi-larities between Tintigny and noncumulate eucrites, which is also reflected based on the abundance of TiO2 (0.63) and FeO/MgO ratio (2.66) in Tintigny. The bulk oxygen isotopic composition of Tintigny, as determined by laser fluorination, is also consistent with it being an HED (δ17O=1.72±0.04 ‰; δ18O=3.76±0.08‰; Δ17O=-0.25±0.01 ‰ (n=2, errors 2SD)), with a composition that plots close to the Eucrite Fractionation Line [5]. Based on the Meteoritical Bulletin Database, only 70 HED falls have been reported so far. Including Tintigny, only 39 eucrite falls are known to date, 11 of them occurred in Europe, with Tintigny being the only one from Belgium. In addition to the scientific importance of studying a eucrite fall like Tintigny, we emphasize the significance of the discovery of a historical meteorite fall by drawing attention to national scientific heritage that must be properly un-derstood and safeguarded for generations of scientists, scholars, and amateurs to come. Nowadays, together with four other meteorites from Belgium (Hautes Fagnes LL5, Lesves L6, St. Denis Westrem L6, and Tourinnes-la-Grosse L6), the Tintigny achondrite is exhibited in the meteorite gallery of the Institute of Nat-ural Sciences in Brussels and is open to the public for visits.